Table 1.
Characteristics of adults with type 1 diabetes with and without COVID-19 infection admitted to a tertiary center between 1 March 2020 and 1 June 2020
| COVID-19+ | COVID-19− | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 7 | 28 | |
| Age (years) | 51.8 (13.4) | 52.3 (12.9) | 0.93 |
| Sex (n male/n female) | 5/2 | 12/16 | 0.17 |
| Race/ethnicity (n non-Hispanic White/n non-Hispanic Black) | 3/4 | 26/2 | 0.01* |
| Weight (lb) | 175.3 (45) | 155.1 (30.3) | 0.16 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 (5.8) | 24.3 (4.1) | 0.34 |
| Glucose on admission (mg/dL) | 263 (228) | 269 (172) | 0.93 |
| HbA1c on admission (%) | 8.4 (1.2) | 9.2 (2.7) | 0.45 |
| HbA1c prior to admission (%) | 9.4 (2.4) | 8.7 (2.2) | 0.46 |
| Insulin treatment at home (MDI/CSII/pancreas transplant) | 7/0/0 | 21/5/2 | |
| Basal insulin (units) | 23.5 (16.7) | 23.7 (11.6) | 0.97 |
| Bolus insulin (units) | 27.5 (24.3) | 23.5 (10.9) | 0.51 |
| Total daily insulin dose (units) | 47.5 (38.6) | 43.9 (16.5) | 0.7 |
| Total daily insulin/kg (units/kg/day) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.53 |
| DKA (yes/no) | 1/6 | 2/26 | 0.55 |
| CAD/CVD, % (n) | 28.5% (2) | 28.5% (8) | 0.95 |
| Retinopathy, % (n) | 42.8% (3) | 42.8% (12) | 1 |
| Neuropathy, % (n) | 28.5% (2) | 42.8% (12) | 0.47 |
| Nephropathy, % (n) | 57.1% (4) | 82.1% (23) | 0.16 |
| Transplant status, % (n) | 14.3% (1) | 4.3% (4) | 1 |
| Gastroparesis, % (n) | 14.35% (1) | 17.9% (5) | 0.82 |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 57.1% (4) | 50% (14) | 0.87 |
| Length of hospital stay (no. days) | 10.6 (8.2) | 7.3 (6.6) | 0.27 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 60.5 (36.3) | 101.7 (94.6) | 0.35 |
| d-dimer (ng/mL) | 1,525.5 (1,144.8) | 1,670.8 (2,330.7) | 0.86 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 1,145.9 (1,377.4) | 705.4 (833.7) | 0.36 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 451.2 (211.9) | 482.8 (241.3) | 0.95 |
| Troponin T (ng/mL) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.14) | 0.43 |
| APTT (s) | 32.7 (3.3) | 32.0 (7.0) | 0.88 |
| PT (s) | 14.3 (3.4) | 15.7 (10.4) | 0.58 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.6 (2.3) | 10.9 (2.0) | 0.78 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 33.0 (8.2) | 33.7 (5.7) | 0.69 |
| White blood cell count (K/μL) | 7.2 (4.1) | 14.8 (32.7) | 0.08 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 18.1 (11.8) | 13.5 (7.7) | 0.19 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 71.0 (12.2) | 77.0 (9.0) | 0.24 |
| Platelets (K/μL) | 227.4 (112.1) | 287.8 (145.1) | 0.27 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.1 (2.8) | 0.96 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 21.5 (7.0) | 21.8 (4.3) | 0.89 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 47.3 (50) | 41.8 (51.3) | 0.8 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 35.9 (29.9) | 27.9 (28.4) | 0.51 |
| Composite outcome (ICU, intubation, or death), n (%) | 2 (28.5%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.37 |
Data are in units (SD) unless otherwise indicated. CAD, coronary artery disease; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; MDI, multiple daily injections; PT, prothrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time. *Statisically significant.