Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors with the OS of p-NENs using Cox Regression proportional hazard models

Factor	Univariate Analysis	WHO 2017 criteria Multivariate AnalysisA	WHO 2010 criteria Multivariate AnalysisA
	HR(95%CIs) P	HR(95%CIs) P	HR(95%CIs) P
Gender
MaleB
Female	0.953 (0.467–3.252) 0.537
Age, yr.
< Median
≥ Median	1.211 (0.587–1.256) 0.079
Tumor location
Head
Body/tail	1.436 (0.912–2.579) 0.408
Functional status
Functional
Non-functional	1.725 (0.436–3.926) 0.027	0.894 (0.583–1.457) 0.635	0.616 (0.589–1.368) 0.441
Incidental diagnosis
No
Yes	0.984 (0.457–1.562) 0.336
Radical resection
Yes
No	4.113 (0.384–7.335) < 0.001	0.993 (0.309–1.873) 0.009	1.023 (0.574–2.359) 0.015
Postoperative medical therapy
Yes
No	1.518 (0.366–2.735) 0.045	0.845 (0.673–1.419) 0.357	0.903 (0.449–1.525) 0.745
Tumor diameter
< Median
≥ Median	1.005 (0.567–2.138) 0.024	0.665 (0.357–1.983) 0.341	0.883 (0.436–1.843) 0.452
Vascular infiltration
No
Yes	2.138 (0.543–4.113) 0.037	1.255 (0.843–2.059) 0.012	0.993 (0.519–1.725) 0.039
Lymph involvement
No
Yes	3.542 (0.343–6.25) 0.008	2.357 (0.331–5.369) 0.036	1.924 (0.536–3.454) 0.025
Distant metastasis
No
Yes	5.112 (0.478–10.205) < 0.001	4.124 (0.385–8.359) 0.027	2.445 (0.501–7.374) 0.048
Grading by WHO 2010 criteria
NET G1/G2
“NEC G3”	4.425 (0.454–14.346) < 0.001	NA	2.445 (0.201–13.374) 0.022
Grading by WHO 2017 criteria
NET G1/G2/G3
NEC G3	6.634 (0.634–8.257) < 0.001	4.562 (0.983–9.454) 0.016	NA

A: Predicting value of the WHO 2017 and 2010 grading classification for the OS of p-NENs was built and evaluated in separate Regression proportional hazard models

B: The above one of related factor was regarded as a reference in Cox analysis

Abbreviation: OS Overall survival; p-NENs Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms; WHO World Health Organization; HR Hazard ratio; CIs Confidence intervals; NET Neuroendocrine tumors; NEC Neuroendocrine carcinoma; G Grading; NA Not applicable