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. 2020 Sep 22;20:697. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05427-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Lung microbiota of asthmatic subjects show lower levels of richness and complexity compared to healthy subjects. Evaluation of the alpha- and beta- diversity in the 40 analyzed samples. Panel showing alpha-diversity (Shannon index) computed and illustrated for each sample. ANOVA test determined significant differences in the Shannon diversity index based on different groups for bacterial data at p < 0.002 (a) and fungal data at p < 0.000 (b). To obtain a graphical representation of microbiome composition similarity among samples and beta-diversity, we summarized OTU abundances into Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and performed a PCoA ordination. Permutational analysis of variance (adonis R function, or Permanova) determined significant differences in beta-diversity among groups for bacterial data at p < 0.0009 (c) and fungal data at p < 0.0001 (d)