Table 12.

Proportion (%) of avoided CVD-related deaths in 2014 due to the change in blood Pb since 1999 based on our HIM and concentration–response functions from each Tier-1 study using central effect estimates.

Population 40–80 years of age	Aoki et al. 2016	Menke et al. 2006	Ruiz-Hernandez et al. 2017	Lanphear et al. 2018 (all blood Pb levels)	Lanphear et al. 2018 ($\text{blood\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{Pb}<5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\text{dL}$)
Male	20	48	32	37	58
Female	11	25	17	20	31
Total	16	38	26	29	46

Note: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HIM, health impact model; Pb, lead.