. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 23.

Published in final edited form as: Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Nov 18;30(4 Suppl):S121–S140. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.10.003

Table 4.

Noninsulin diabetes medications

Medication	Important side effects	Incidence
Metformin	Diarrhea	10–30%
	Nausea	10–15%
	Lactic acidosis	2–5/100,000
Sulfonylureas	Hypoglycemia	Frequency varies by degree of hypoglycemia
Glinides	Hypoglycemia	Frequency varies by degree of hypoglycemia
Acarbose	Abdominal pain	19%
Acarbose	Diarrhea	31%
DPP4 inhibitors	Nausea	10–24%
DPP4 inhibitors	Diarrhea	10–18%
SGLT2 inhibitors	Diuresis (hypotension, dehydration)	1%
	Increased risk of UTIs	<1% (19 cases of urosepsis reported over 1 year)
	Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis	<1% (73 cases reported over 2 years)
GLP-1 receptor agonists	Nausea/Vomiting	10–30%
GLP-1 receptor agonists	Diarrhea	10–15%

AP, artificial pancreas; BG, blood glucose; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HCL, hybrid closed loop; MDI, multiple daily injection; SGLT2, sodium-glucose transport protein 2; UTI, urinary tract infection.