Figure 1.

EP4 activation increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and alters the polarization of pancreatic macrophages in obese diabetic mice. (a) After intraperitoneally injecting glucose (1.5 g/kg of d-glucose) into the mice, blood was drawn every 30 min, and the plasma insulin levels (ng/mL) were measured. Net area under the curve (AUC, mg/dL) was calculated from the data shown in the graph (right panel) and (b) expression of macrophage (Cd68), M1-type (Cd11c) and M2-type (Cd163) mRNA levels in the pancreas of db/db mice was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. All values are the mean scores ± SEM (n = 5–6 for each group). *p < 0.05; #p < 0.01.