Table 2.
Risk of maternal and paternal preconception exposure (up to 3 months before conception) on preterm birth and pregnancy loss.
| Diagnosis | All pregnancies (n = 999,866) | Full term (n = 734,050) | PTB (n = 51,759) | Pregnancy loss (n = 214,057) | SAB | TAB | PTB vs. full term |
Pregnancy loss vs. LB |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | E value (CI)a | RR (95% CI) | E value (CI)a | |||||||
| Sepsis | ||||||||||
| Female | 308 | 192 (62.3) | 25 (8.1) | 91 (29.6) | 62 (20.1) | 17 (5.5) | 1.61 (1.02–2.54) | 2.6 (1.16) | 1.38 (1.07–1.78) | 2.1 (1.34) |
| Male | 315 | 196 (62.2) | 19 (6.0) | 100 (31.8) | 67 (21.3) | 21 (6.7) | 1.24 (0.75–2.05) | 1.79 (1.0) | 1.55 (1.22–1.98) | 2.47 (1.74) |
| Critical respiratory illnessb | ||||||||||
| Female | 920 | 586 (63.7) | 59 (6.4) | 275 (29.9) | 167 (18.2) | 63 (6.9) | 1.26 (0.95–1.67) | 1.83 (1.0) | 1.31 (1.13–1.53) | 1.95 (1.51) |
| Male | 1,142 | 769 (67.3) | 71 (6.2) | 302 (26.4) | 196 (17.2) | 56 (4.9) | 1.20 (0.93–1.54) | 1.69 (1.0) | 1.13 (0.99–1.30) | 1.51 (1.0) |
| Hypotension/shock | ||||||||||
| Female | 489 | 320 (65.4) | 35 (7.2) | 134 (27.4) | 89 (18.2) | 24 (4.9) | 1.43 (0.97–2.09) | 2.21 (1.0) | 1.31 (1.07–1.61) | 1.95 (1.34) |
| Male | 358 | 243 (67.9) | 17 (4.8) | 98 (27.4) | 64 (17.9) | 22 (6.2) | 0.92 (0.56–1.50) | 1.39 (1.0) | 1.31 (1.04–1.65) | 1.95 (1.24) |
| Critical care evaluation | ||||||||||
| Female | 675 | 383 (56.7) | 42 (6.2) | 250 (37.0) | 139 (20.6) | 50 (7.4) | 1.38 (0.99–1.92) | 2.1 (1.0) | 1.99 (1.69–2.34) | 3.39 (2.77) |
| Male | 714 | 436 (61.1) | 44 (6.2) | 234 (32.8) | 139 (19.5) | 59 (8.3) | 1.30 (0.92–1.84) | 1.92 (1.0) | 1.67 (1.43–1.96) | 2.73 (2.21) |
| Influenza | ||||||||||
| Female | 4,135 | 3,041 (73.5) | 199 (4.8) | 895 (21.6) | 604 (14.6) | 167 (4.0) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 1.46 (1.0) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.28 (1.0) |
| Male | 4,460 | 3,317 (74.4) | 195 (4.4) | 948 (21.3) | 656 (14.7) | 156 (3.5) | 0.82 (0.70–0.95) | 1.74 (1.29) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.21 (1.0) |
Note: Results are presented as n (%) unless otherwise specified. Percentages may not add up to 100% owing to rounding. RRs adjusted for year of birth, maternal age, region of birth, and maternal factors including obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. CI = confidence interval; RR = risk ratio; LB = live birth; PTB = preterm birth; RR = risk ratio; SAB = spontaneous abortion, TAB = therapeutic abortion.
E values estimate the minimum strength of association on the risk ratio scale that an unmeasured confounder would need to have with both the exposure and the outcome to fully explain away a specific exposure-outcome association. The lowest possible E value is 1, meaning that no unmeasured confounding would explain the association.
Acute respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute on chronic respiratory failure.