Table 4.
Association between physical health status in the past 14 days and contact history, and the psychological impact of 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) as well as adverse mental health status between Polish and Chinese respondents during the epidemic with adjustment for age, gender, and education levels (N = 2266).
| Variables | Poland | China | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impact of Event | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | Impact of Event | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | ||||||||||||||||||
| B | t | B | T | B | t | B | t | B | t | B | T | B | t | B | t | ||||||||||
| Persistent Fever (>38°C for at least one day) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.27 | 1.35 | 0.12 | 0.64 | 0.27 | 1.19 | 0.05 | 0.23 | −0.23 | −0.44 | 0.40 | 1.34 | 1.23 | 2.60* | 0.98 | 2.57* | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Chills | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.63 | 2.80** | 0.81 | 3.90*** | 0.63 | 2.44* | 0.53 | 2.23* | 0.46 | 2.34* | 0.44 | 3.84*** | 0.60 | 3.31** | 0.41 | 2.84** | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Myalgia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.31 | 2.07* | 0.56 | 4.06*** | 0.49 | 2.86** | 0.52 | 3.31** | 0.63 | 4.77*** | 0.43 | 5.60*** | 0.69 | 5.61*** | 0.50 | 5.08*** | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Cough | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.20 | 1.96 | 0.31 | 3.22** | 0.48 | 4.02*** | 0.39 | 3.59*** | 0.33 | 3.23** | 0.19 | 3.11** | 0.29 | 2.97** | 0.21 | 2.70** | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Breathing difficulty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.48 | 2.26* | 0.60 | 3.14** | 1.01 | 4.24*** | 0.82 | 3.74*** | 0.88 | 1.58 | 0.57 | 1.74 | 1.63 | 3.15** | 1.28 | 3.08** | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Coryza | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 1.44 | 0.16 | 1.60 | 0.09 | 0.96 | 0.39 | 4.11*** | 0.25 | 4.46*** | 0.46 | 5.18*** | 0.33 | 4.70*** | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Sore throat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.21 | 2.22* | 0.25 | 2.84** | 0.38 | 3.52*** | 0.19 | 1.94 | 0.34 | 2.99** | 0.16 | 2.45* | 0.35 | 3.35** | 0.17 | 2.08* | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Consultation with doctor in the clinic in the last 14 days | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.14 | 1.58 | 0.11 | 1.37 | 0.27 | 2.61** | 0.16 | 1.68 | −0.06 | −0.31 | 0.17 | 1.47 | 0.38 | 2.08* | 0.22 | 1.48 | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Recent hospitalization in the past 14 days | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.05 | 0.15 | −0.08 | −0.28 | 0.28 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 1.49 | 0.78 | 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.87 | 1.23 | 2.12* | −0.28 | −0.60 | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Recent testing for COVID-19 in the past 14 days | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.14 | 1.58 | 0.11 | 1.37 | 0.27 | 2.61** | 0.16 | 1.68 | −0.18 | −0.48 | −0.07 | −0.31 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.06 | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Recent quarantine in the past 14 days | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.15 | −0.30 | −0.18 | −0.40 | −0.36 | −0.62 | −0.12 | −0.23 | 0.32 | 1.30 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.13 | −0.11 | −0.59 | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Current self-rating of health status | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Very poor | 0.75 | 2.04* | 0.86 | 2.56* | 1.16 | 2.76** | 1.58 | 4.16*** | 1.39 | 1.13 | 3.63 | 5.03*** | 3.35 | 2.94** | 3.56 | 3.88*** | |||||||||
| Poor | 1.69 | 1.77 | 0.13 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 1.81 | 0.36 | 1.23 | |||||||||||||||||
| Average | 0.50 | 3.92*** | 0.56 | 4.76*** | 0.75 | 5.26*** | 0.66 | 5.08*** | 0.37 | 4.73*** | 0.19 | 4.28*** | 0.41 | 5.70*** | 0.26 | 4.63*** | |||||||||
| Good or very good | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Chronic illness | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.27 | 2.91** | 0.22 | 2.53* | 0.35 | 3.32** | 0.08 | 0.85 | 0.30 | 2.02* | 0.24 | 2.77** | 0.48 | 3.58*** | 0.38 | 3.51*** | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Close contact with an individual with confirmed infection with COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.35 | 0.70 | 0.15 | 0.33 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.29 | −0.55 | 0.53 0.84 | 0.32 0.87 | 0.98 1.68 | 0.97 2.10* | |||||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Indirect contact with an individual with confirmed infection with COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.35 | −1.05 | −0.38 | −1.25 | −0.24 | −0.63 | −0.39 | −1.13 | −0.06 −0.11 | -0.27 -0.89 | -0.28 -0.59 | -0.37 -0.96 | |||||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Contact with infected material by COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.17 | 1.64 | 0.21 | 2.15* | 0.24 | 2.04* | 0.17 | 1.57 | 0.36 1.00 | 0.41 1.91 | 0.98 2.93** | 0.81 3.02** | |||||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
| Concerns about other family members contracting COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.27 | 2.57* | 0.17 | 1.76 | 0.23 | 1.91 | 0.10 | 0.90 | 0.34 4.15*** | 0.06 1.19 | 0.10 1.28 | 0.04 0.68 | |||||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.