Figure 11.

Proposed model of human asyn effects on noradrenergic neurotransmission. Human asyn may enhance extracellular NE by several mechanisms. #1, Increased expression of asyn could potentiate clustering of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic membrane; #2, elevated asyn expression could reduce NET expression at the plasma membrane; #3, asyn modulation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels could enhance neuronal excitability; #4, human asyn expression could enlarge the size of and slow the closing of vesicular fusion pores, allowing more NE to spill into the extracellular space.