Table 1. Surgery/procedure classification based on bleed risk.

High bleed risk	Low bleed risk
Any surgery requiring neuraxial anesthesia • Neuraxial anesthesia/injection—epidural anesthesia/injection.	Gastrointestinal procedures • Colonoscopy, gastroscopy, sigmoidoscopy—endoscopic retrograde pancreaticocholangiography—capsule endoscopy—push enteroscopy—Barrett's esophagus ablation.
Major intracranial or neuraxial surgery • Brain cancer resection—laminectomy or neuraxial tumor resection—intracranial (subdural, epidural) bleed evacuation.	Cardiac procedures: • Permanent pacemaker implantation or battery change. • Internal cardiac defibrillator implantation or battery change—artrioventricular node ablation—coronary artery angiography (radial approach).
Major thoracic surgery • Lobectomy, pneumonectomy, esophagectomy.	Dental procedures • Tooth extraction (up to two extractions) —endodontic (root canal) procedure.
Major cardiac surgery • Coronary artery bypass—valve replacement or repair.	Skin procedures and skin biopsy
Major vascular surgery • Aortic aneurysm repair—aorto-bifemoral bypass, popliteal bypass—carotid endarterectomy.	Eye procedures and phacoemulsification (cataract)
Major abdominopelvic surgery • Hepatobiliary cancer resection—pancreatic cancer or pseudocyst resection—colorectal and gastric cancer resection—diverticular disease resection. • Inflammatory bowel disease resection—renal cancer resection—bladder cancer resection—endometrial cancer resection—ovarian cancer resection—radical prostatectomy.
Major orthopaedic surgery • Hip arthroplasty or hip fracture repair—knee arthroplasty or tibial osteotomy—shoulder arthroplasty—metatarsal osteotomy.
Other major cancer or reconstructive surgery • Head and neck cancer surgery—reconstructive facial, abdominal, limb surgery.