Table 2.
Baseline Participant Characteristics and Measures, N (%) or Mean ± Standard Deviation
| Variable | Total (N=72) | BWL+ BIAS (n=36) | BWL (n=36) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 47.1±11.5 | 47.7±11.4 | 46.6±11.8 | 0.69 |
| Sex | 0.33 | |||
| Female | 61 (84.7%) | 32 (88.9%) | 29 (80.6%) | |
| Male | 11 (15.3%) | 4 (11.1%) | 7 (19.4%) | |
| Race | 0.13 | |||
| White | 21 (29.2%) | 7 (19.4%) | 14 (38.9%) | |
| Black | 48 (66.7%) | 26 (72.2%) | 22 (61.1%) | |
| Asian | 2 (2.8%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 | |
| Multiracial* | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | |
| Hispanic/Latino/a | 6 (8.3%) | 4 (11.1%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0.39 |
| Education (years) | 14.9±2.1 | 14.8±2.2 | 15.1±2.0 | 0.61 |
| Weight (kg) | 109.8±22.6 | 112.4±24.0 | 107.2±21.2 | 0.34 |
| Height (cm) | 166.8±8.5 | 167.0±8.7 | 166.6±8.5 | 0.86 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 39.3±6.1 | 40.1±6.5 | 38.4±5.6 | 0.25 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 117.0±14.1 | 119.1±15.3 | 114.9±12.6 | 0.21 |
| Systolic blood pressure+ | 127.7±10.3 | 127.4±10.2 | 128.0±10.7 | 0.50 |
| Diastolic blood pressure+ | 73.7±8.5 | 73.0±9.2 | 74.3±7.9 | 0.26 |
| WBIS | 5.1±0.7 | 5.0±0.7 | 5.2±0.7 | 0.33 |
| WSSQ Total | 38.6±6.7 | 37.9±6.6 | 39.3±6.9 | 0.39 |
| WSSQ-SD | 19.2±4.1 | 19.1±4.2 | 19.2±3.9 | 0.93 |
| WSSQ-FNE | 19.4±4.7 | 18.8±4.6 | 20.1±4.8 | 0.26 |
| Fat Phobia Scale | 3.7±0.6 | 3.7±0.7 | 3.7±0.6 | 0.54 |
| Coping with Weight Stigma | ||||
| Full Scale | 1.9±0.5 | 1.9±0.6 | 2.0±0.4 | 0.27 |
| Negative Affect | 2.4±0.7 | 2.2±0.7 | 2.6±0.7 | 0.02 |
| Maladaptive Eating | 1.4±0.6 | 1.3±0.6 | 1.4±0.5 | 0.44 |
| Exercise Avoidance | 1.9±1.0 | 2.0±1.1 | 1.8±0.9 | 0.50 |
| Healthy Lifestyle | 2.1±0.9 | 2.2±0.8 | 2.0±1.0 | 0.23 |
| PHQ-9 | 8.0±4.8 | 7.5±5.1 | 8.4±4.5 | 0.45 |
| GAD-7 | 5.4±4.3 | 5.6±4.5 | 5.2±4.2 | 0.67 |
| Perceived Stress Scale | 17.3±6.4 | 17.6±6.2 | 16.9±6.5 | 0.66 |
| Body Appreciation Scale | 2.6±0.7 | 2.8±0.6 | 2.5±0.7 | 0.11 |
| IWQOL-Lite Total | 55.3±16.5 | 56.3±16.7 | 54.2±16.5 | 0.61 |
| Public Distress Subscale | 63.3±25.6 | 60.0±27.6 | 66.7±23.1 | 0.27 |
| WEL-SF | 40.0±17.5 | 39.4±17.4 | 40.7±17.9 | 0.75 |
| SEE | 51.2±20.0 | 48.3±20.1 | 54.2±19.9 | 0.22 |
| Eating Inventory | ||||
| Dietary Restraint | 8.7±3.7 | 8.5±3.7 | 8.9±3.8 | 0.67 |
| Disinhibition | 9.7±3.3 | 9.2±3.5 | 10.2±3.1 | 0.19 |
| Hunger | 7.1±3.7 | 7.8±3.6 | 6.4±3.6 | 0.10 |
| Self-Reported Weighing | 0.9±1.2 | 0.9±1.2 | 0.9±1.1 | 0.83 |
| Track Food/Drink | 0.5±0.8 | 0.4±0.7 | 0.5±0.8 | 0.70 |
| Track Calories | 0.5±1.0 | 0.4±1.0 | 0.6±1.1 | 0.32 |
| Track Activity | 1.2±1.5 | 1.0±1.5 | 1.3±1.5 | 0.38 |
Note. N=35 for BWL condition for all measures past the WBIS. WBIS=Weight Bias Internalization Scale; WSSQ=Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire; SD=Self-Devaluation; FNE=Fear of Enacted Stigma. Coping with Weight Stigma subscale items were as follows: Negative Affect (feeling badly about one’s body, angry, sad and depressed, worse about oneself, afraid, and a reverse-scored item for not being bothered); Maladaptive Eating (avoided eating in front of others, eating more, binge/overeat, tried diet pills, tried starving, made oneself vomit, and became obsessed with weight); Exercise Avoidance (avoided the gym, avoided exercise, and didn’t feel like exercising); and Healthy Lifestyle (tried to eat healthier foods and started exercising more). PHQ-9=Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7=Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PSS=Perceived Stress Scale; IWQOL-Lite=Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite; SEE=Self-Efficacy to Exercise Scale; WEL-SF=Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire – Short Form.