Table 2.
Health and lifestyle
| Characteristic (n and % shown unless otherwise stated) |
All participants (n=578) |
Sampling method | P value for between-group difference | |
| Sampled (n=217) | Volunteer (n=361) | |||
| Self-rated health | 0.06 | |||
| Poor or fair | 131 (22.6) | 49 (22.6) | 82 (22.8) | |
| Good | 387 (67.0) | 137 (63.1) | 250 (69.3) | |
| Excellent | 60 (10.4) | 31 (14.3) | 29 (8.0) | |
| Smokes tobacco daily | 8 (1.4) | 4 (1.8) | 4 (1.1) | 0.48 |
| Highest number of (alcoholic) drinks in single sitting in last 14 days? | 0.001 | |||
| None | 189 (32.7) | 81 (37.3) | 108 (29.9) | |
| One | 266 (46.0) | 79 (36.4) | 187 (51.8) | |
| 2–5 | 123 (21.3) | 57 (26.3) | 66 (18.3) | |
| Hours exercise/physical activity in last 3 days | 0.01 | |||
| None /less than 1 hour | 253 (43.8) | 79 (36.4) | 174 (48.2) | |
| 1–2 hours | 165 (28.5) | 69 (31.8) | 96 (26.6) | |
| 3–4 hours | 118 (20.4) | 45 (20.7) | 73 (20.2) | |
| More than 4 hours | 42 (7.3) | 24 (11.1) | 18 (5.0) | |
| Paid support or services over the past 2 weeks (shown only if ‘yes’) | ||||
| Homecare (eg, cleaning, laundry, shopping) | 198 (34.3) | 79 (36.4) | 119 (33.0) | 0.40 |
| Personal care (eg, showering, dressing) | 60 (10.4) | 30 (13.8) | 30 (8.3) | 0.04 |
| Nursing or similar services | 39 (6.7) | 15 (6.9) | 24 (6.6) | 0.90 |
| How many prescribed medications did you take yesterday (over a 24 hours period)? (from survey, 42 missing) | ||||
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 5.0 (3.0 to 7.0) | 5.0 (3.0 to 7.0) | 5.0 (3.0 to 7.0) | 0.86 |
| How many active medications in the last 24 hours (incl. non-prescribed, from interRAI) | ||||
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 6.0 (4.0 to 8.0) | 6.0 (4.0 to 8.0) | 6.0 (3.0 to 8.0) | 0.67 |
| Health service use with overnight stay in past 90 days (shown only if ‘yes’) | ||||
| Inpatient acute care overnight stay | 54 (9.3) | 24 (11.1) | 30 (8.3) | 0.28 |
| Emergency room visit | 24 (4.2) | 7 (3.2) | 17 (4.7) | 0.38 |
| Physician/GP/NP visit | 541 (93.6) | 200 (92.2) | 341 (94.5) | 0.28 |
| Needed health services over past 12 months but did not access (shown only if ‘yes’) | ||||
| Optician | 12 (2.1) | 10 (4.6) | 2 (0.6) | 0.001 |
| GP | 16 (2.8) | 11 (5.1) | 5 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| Audiologist | 22 (3.8) | 13 (6.0) | 9 (2.5) | 0.04 |
| Dentist | 24 (4.2) | 18 (8.3) | 6 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Prevention, monitoring (shown only if ‘yes’) | ||||
| Blood pressure measured in last year | 572 (99.0) | 214 (98.6) | 358 (99.2) | 0.68 |
| Eye exam in last year | 504 (87.2) | 175 (80.6) | 329 (91.1) | <0.001 |
| Influenza vaccine in last year | 492 (85.1) | 178 (82.0) | 314 (87.0) | 0.11 |
| Dental exam in last year | 340 (58.8) | 105 (48.4) | 235 (65.1) | <0.001 |
| Hearing exam in last 2 years | 314 (54.3) | 102 (47.0) | 212 (58.7) | 0.006 |
| Colonoscopy in last 5 years | 125 (21.6) | 44 (20.3) | 81 (22.4) | 0.54 |
| Mammogram/breast exam in last 2 years (women only) | 89 (15.4) | 45 (20.7) | 44 (12.2) | 0.007 |
| Self-reported symptoms (shown only if present) | ||||
| Fatigue | 0.04 | |||
| Minimal | 244 (42.2) | 77 (35.5) | 167 (46.3) | |
| Moderate or severe | 61 (10.5) | 24 (11.0) | 37 (10.3) | |
| Difficulty falling asleep | 0.006 | |||
| Present but not exhibited in last 3 days | 40 (6.9) | 17 (7.8) | 23 (6.4) | |
| Exhibited on one or 2 of last 3 days | 38 (6.6) | 9 (4.2) | 29 (8.1) | |
| Exhibited daily in last 3 days | 115 (19.9) | 38 (17.5) | 77 (21.3) | |
| Dyspnoea, shortness of breath present | 0.004 | |||
| Absent at rest, present in moderate activities | 130 (22.5) | 53 (24.4) | 77 (21.3) | |
| Absent at rest, present in normal activities | 48 (8.3) | 19 (8.8) | 29 (8.0) | |
| Present at rest | 10 (1.7) | 9 (4.1) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Bladder incontinence | 0.04 | |||
| Infrequently incontinent | 25 (4.3) | 14 (6.5) | 11 (3.1) | |
| Occasionally incontinent | 21 (3.6) | 8 (3.7) | 13 (3.6) | |
| Frequently/always incontinent | 29 (5.0) | 16 (7.4) | 13 (3.6) | |
| Selected interRAI scales | ||||
| Deaf/blind severity | 0.11 | |||
| Both senses intact (0) | 288 (49.8) | 116 (53.5) | 172 (47.6) | |
| One sense intact, one mild/moderate impaired (1) | 239 (41.4) | 79 (36.4) | 160 (44.3) | |
| Both senses mild/moderately impaired (3) | 42 (7.3) | 16 (7.4) | 26 (7.2) | |
| One or both senses severely impaired (2, 4, 5) | 9 (1.6) | 6 (2.8) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Depression Rating Scale | 0.87 | |||
| Potential/actual depression (3–14) | 23 (4.0) | 9 (4.1) | 14 (3.9) | |
| Functional Supplement triggered | 0.002 | |||
| Triggered | 67 (12%) | 37 (17%) | 30 (8%) | |
| IADL Capacity Hierarchy Scale (range 0–6) | 0.001 | |||
| Supervision required (1) | 134 (23.2) | 37 (17.1) | 97 (26.9) | |
| Limited impairment (2) | 93 (16.1) | 44 (20.3) | 49 (13.6) | |
| Extensive assistance needed, or dependent (3-6) | 58 (10.0) | 26 (12.0) | 32 (8.9) | |
| Selected interRAI CAPs indicating unmet need | ||||
| Number of CAPs triggered | 0.18 | |||
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 3.5 (2.0 to 5.0) | 3.0 (2.0 to 5.0) | 4.0 (2.0 to 5.0) | 0.68 |
| Cardiorespiratory conditions CAP triggered | ||||
| Triggered (L1) | 289 (50.0) | 109 (50.2) | 180 (49.9) | 0.93 |
| Pain CAP triggered | 0.007 | |||
| Medium priority (L1) | 205 (35.5) | 61 (28.1) | 144 (39.9) | |
| High priority (L2) | 75 (13.0) | 36 (16.6) | 39 (10.8) | |
| Physical activities promotion CAP triggered (L1) | 248 (42.9) | 77 (35.5) | 171 (47.4) | 0.005 |
| Informal support CAP triggered (L1) | 200 (34.6) | 84 (38.7) | 116 (32.1) | 0.11 |
| Social relationship CAP triggered (L1) | 149 (25.8) | 55 (25.3) | 94 (26.0) | 0.85 |
| Mood CAP triggered | 0.50 | |||
| Medium risk (L1) | 106 (18.3) | 45 (20.7) | 61 (16.9) | |
| High risk (L2) | 23 (4.0) | 9 (4.1) | 14 (3.9) | |
| Urinary incontinence CAP triggered | 0.008 | |||
| Prevent decline (L2) | 46 (8.0) | 20 (9.2) | 26 (7.2) | |
| Facilitate improvement (L3) | 30 (5.2) | 19 (8.8) | 11 (3.0) | |
| Falls CAP triggered | 0.41 | |||
| Medium risk (L1) | 54 (9.3) | 16 (7.4) | 38 (10.5) | |
| High risk (L2) | 7 (1.2) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (1.1) | |
| IADL CAP triggered (L1) | 31 (5.4) | 16 (7.4) | 15 (4.2) | 0.10 |
| Appropriate medications CAP triggered (L1) | 22 (3.8) | 9 (4.1) | 13 (3.6) | 0.74 |
Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding. Q1=first quartile, Q3=third quartile, L1=Level one low need, L2=Level two moderate need, L3=high need.
P-values less than 0.01 are shown in bold.
ADL, activities of daily living; CAP, Clinical Assessment Protocol; GP, general practitioner; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; interRAI, International Resident Assessment Instrument; NP, nurse practitioner.