Table 1.

Animal origins of HCoVs, Classification, natural reservoirs, outbreak species, year and country of outbreak.

Human coronavirus	Classification of virus	Animal reservoirs (high prevalence)	Outbreak species	Country of origin/Year	References
HCoV-OC43	Alpha-CoV	Mice, chickens, turkeys, swine, dogs, cats, rabbits, horses	Rodents	Russia/1890	(19–23)
HCoV-229E	Beta-CoV, lineage A	Mice, rats, chickens, turkeys, swine, dogs, cats, rabbits, horses	Bats	United Kingdom/1967	(19–21, 24)
SARS-CoV	Beta-CoV, lineage B	Masked palm civets, bats, rats, raccoon dogs, cats, swine	Bats	China/2002	(21, 25, 26)
HCoV-NL63	Alpha-CoV	Bats, mice, rats, swine	Bats	Netherlands/2004	(21, 27)
HCoV-HKU1	Beta-CoV, lineage A	Bats, mice, rats, swine	Rodents	China/2005	(26, 28)
MERS-CoV	Beta-CoV, lineage C	Cattle, chicken, bat, mice, alpacas, swine, dogs	Bats	Saudi Arabia/2012	(29–31)
SARS-CoV-2	Beta-CoV, lineage B	Bats, pangolins	Bats	China/2019	(32, 33)