Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study sample.
[Abbreviations: ADS – Allgemeine Depressionsskala [Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD)]; CAPS – Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; HC – Group of healthy control subjects, who have never experienced anything traumatic in their lives; M – mean; SD – Standard deviation; STAI-T – State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – Trait Anxiety; TC – Group of trauma control subjects, who have at least experienced one traumatic event but do not fulfill the criteria for PTSD; 1Psychopharmacology: Aripiprazole, Pregabalin, Methylphenidate, Mirtazapine, Quetiapine, Sertraline, Trimipramine, Venlafaxine; 2Non-Psychopharmacological: Etoricoxib, Bisoprolol, Beta-Blocker, Ibuprofen, Metamizole, Levothyroxine].
| Variable |
Groups |
Analysis |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTSD N = 44 |
TC N = 49 |
HC N = 61 |
|||||||||||||||||
| M | SD | n | (%) | M | SD | n | (%) | M | SD | n | (%) | X2 | F | Df | p | ||||
| Sex (female) | 22 | 50.0 | 26 | 53.1 | 27 | 44.3 | 0.88 | 0.64 | |||||||||||
| Age (in years) | 42.8 | 11.2 | 41.1 | 13.6 | 43.0 | 13.9 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.88 | ||||||||||
| Education | <=12 years | 23 | 52.3 | 14 | 28.6 | 19 | 31.1 | 6.82 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
| >12 years | 21 | 47.7 | 35 | 71.4 | 42 | 68.9 | |||||||||||||
| Time since trauma (in years) | 13.0 | 9.2 | 15.0 | 9.1 | – | – | 0.95 | 1 | 0.33 | ||||||||||
| CAPS | 66.7 | 18.9 | 7.2 | 8.8 | – | – | 375.8 | 1 | <0.001 (PTSD > TC) | ||||||||||
| ADS | 28.4 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 4.8 | 142.2 | 1 | <0.001 (PTSD > TC) | ||||||||||
| STAI-T | 55.6 | 10.5 | 36.1 | 10.7 | 31.8 | 8.2 | 115.8 | 1 | <0.001 (PTSD > TC + HC) | ||||||||||
| Medication | Total (yes) | 29 | 65.9 | 19 | 38.8 | 24 | 39.3 | ||||||||||||
| Psychopharmacological1 | 21 | 7 | 4 | 9.08 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Psychopharmacological2 | 8 | 12 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total (no) | 15 | 34.1 | 30 | 61.2 | 37 | 60.7 | |||||||||||||
| Type of traumatic event (index trauma) | Caused voluntarily | Total (caused voluntarily) | 27 | 61.4 | 21 | 42.9 | – | 3.18 | 0.08 | ||||||||||
| (1) Imprisonment | 2 | 1 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (2) Physical violence | 8 | 4 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (3) Sexual abuse | 1 | 1 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (4) Rape | 3 | 1 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (5) Wartime experience | 10 | 4 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (6) Witness of sudden death/ serious injury of so. | 3 | 7 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (8) Other experiences | 0 | 3 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| Caused involun-tarily | Total (caused involuntarily) | 17 | 38.6 | 28 | 57.1 | – | |||||||||||||
| (1) Natural disaster | 0 | 0 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (2) Fire or explosion | 4 | 2 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (3) Accident | 8 | 19 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (4) Sudden death of so. | 2 | 2 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| (5) Other experiences | 3 | 5 | – | ||||||||||||||||