Table 2.
Examples of antivirulence activities against foodborne pathogens.
| Antivirulent Agent∗ | Foodborne pathogen | Activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | |||
| Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12/Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG |
Salmonella Typhimurium Enteropathogenic E. coli |
Anti-adhesive | (Bernet et al., 1994) |
| L. acidophilus A4 | E. coli O157:H7 | Anti-adhesive | (Kim et al., 2008) |
| E. coli Nissle | S. Typhimurium | Anti-invasive | (Altenhoefer et al., 2004) |
| Bifidobacteria | Shiga toxin-producing E. coli | Antitoxin effect | (Asahara et al., 2004) |
| Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli | Clostridium difficile | Antitoxin effect | (Valdés-Varela et al., 2016) |
| L. acidophilus A4 | E. coli O157:H7 | Antibiofilm | (Kim et al., 2009) |
| L. acidophilus La-5 | E. coli O157:H7 | Anti-quorum sensing | (Medellin-Pena et al., 2007) |
| Probiotic Bacillus subtilis | Staphylococcus aureus | Decolonization | (Piewngam et al., 2018) |
| Chemical or biological molecules | |||
| T315 compound | S. Typhimurium | Antibiofilm | (Moshiri et al., 2018) |
| Chalcone | S. aureus | Anti-toxin Anti-QS Antibiofilm |
(Zhang et al., 2017) |
| Carvacrol, thymol, trans-cinnamaldehyde | E. coli O157:H7 | Antibiofilm Reduced expression of virulence genes |
(Yuan and Yuk, 2019) |
| Mucin glycans | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Downregulation of virulence gene expression Anti-QS |
(Wheeler et al., 2019) |
| Surface-layer protein extract | E. coli O157:H7 | Anti-adhesive | (Johnson-Henry et al., 2007) |
| Cell-free preparations fromLactobacillusandBifidobacteriumsp. | Campylobacter jejuni | Anti-QS Reduced expression of virulence genes |
(Mundi et al., 2013) |
| Small molecules F12 and F19 | S. aureus | Anti-toxin Block of the transcription factor AgrA |
(Greenberg et al., 2018) |
| Methylthioadenosine | S. Typhimurium | Reduced motility Anti-invasive |
(Bourgeois et al., 2018) |
| Resveratrol |
S. aureus L. monocytogenes E. coli O157:H7 Campylobacter jejuni |
Antibiofilm | (Ma et al., 2018) |
| Green pepper essential oil | Pseudomonas aeruginosa KM01 | Anti-enzymatic | (Myszka et al., 2019) |
| Sodium citrate and cinnamic aldehyde |
E. coli O157:H7 S. aureus |
Antibiofilm | (Liu et al., 2019) |
∗
Antivirulence agents were divided into circumstances where whole cells of probiotics were used or those circumstances where pure chemicals/biological-derived molecules were subject to the cited study.