Table 5.
Antibiotic resistance among isolates of environmental resistance indicator bacterial species by monitoring site.
| Site | Resistance phenotype | No. tested | Number and (%) resistant to antibiotic tested | MARI mean (SD) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMP | AMC30 | CAZ30 | CFP | GEN10 | AMIK | LVL5 | CIP5 | MRP10 | SxT25 | ||||
| ASS | E. coli | 61 | 29 (47.5) | 28 (45.9) | 30 (49.2) | 19 (31.2) | 10 (16.4) | 13 (21.3) | 14 (22.9) | 17 (27.87) | 11 (18) | 15 (24.6) | 0.30 (0.03) |
| E. faecalis | 60 | 26 (43.3) | – | – | – | 8 (13.3) | – | 13 (21.6) | 15 (25) | – | 16 (26.7) | 0.26 (0.03) | |
| E. faecium | 58 | 25 (43.1) | – | – | – | 11 (18.9) | – | 12 (20.7) | 15 (25.9) | – | 18 (31) | 0.28 (0.04) | |
| P. aeruginosa | 59 | – | – | 25 (42.37) | 23 (39) | 12 (20.3) | 12 (20.3) | 12 (20.3) | 16 (27.1) | 11 (18.6) | – | 0.27 (0.03) | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 58 | – | – | 19 (32.8) | 21 (36.2) | – | – | 12 (20.7) | 17 (29.31) | – | 24 (41.4) | 0.32 (0.04) | |
|
| |||||||||||||
| WSP | E. coli | 52 | 28 (53.8) | 25 (48.1) | 27 (51.9) | 19 (36.5) | 13 (25) | 14 (26.9) | 17 (32.7) | 19 (36.54) | 15 (28.9) | 15 (28.9) | 0.37 (0.03) |
| E. faecalis | 48 | 26 (54.2) | – | – | 11 (22.9) | – | 14 (29.2) | 17 (35.4) | – | 17 (35.4) | 0.35 (0.03) | ||
| E. faecium | 48 | 23 (47.9) | – | – | 11 (22.9) | – | 13 (27.1) | 17 (35.4) | – | 21 (43.7) | 0.35 (0.03) | ||
| P. aeruginosa | 48 | – | – | 24 (50) | 20 (41.7) | 9 (18.75) | 48 (29.2) | 14 (29.2) | 15 (31.3) | 13 (27.1) | – | 0.32 (0.04) | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 48 | – | – | 16 (33.3) | 19 (39.6) | – | – | 13 (27.1) | 18 (37.5) | – | 29 (60.4) | 0.40 (0.04) | |
|
| |||||||||||||
| STS | E. coli | 38 | 36 (94.7) | 30 (78.9) | 33 (86.8) | 31 (81.6) | 15 (39.5) | 17 (44.7) | 21 (55.26) | 19 (50) | 16 (42.1) | 29 (76.32) | 0.65 (0.03) |
| E. faecalis | 36 | 33 (91.7) | – | – | 13 (36.1) | – | 19 (52.8) | 21 (58.3) | – | 22 (61.1) | 0.60 (0.04) | ||
| E. faecium | 36 | 32 (88.9) | – | – | 18 (50) | – | 23 (63.9) | 23 (63.9) | – | 27 (75) | 0.68 (0.04) | ||
| P. aeruginosa | 36 | – | – | 28 (77.8) | 28 (77.8) | 16 (44.4) | 17 (47.2) | 17 (47.22) | 21 (58.3) | 17 (47.2) | – | 0.57 (0.03) | |
| Aeromonas spp. | 36 | – | – | 26 (72.2) | 29 (80.6) | – | – | 19 (52.8) | 25 (69.4) | – | 25 (69.4) | 0.69 (0.4) | |
ASS: activated sludge system, WSP: waste stabilization pond, STS: septic tank system, AMP: ampicillin, AMC30: amoxicillin/clav, CAZ30: ceftazidime, CFP, cefepime, GEN10: gentamicin, AMIK: amikacin, LVL5: levofloxacin, CIP5: ciprofloxacin, MRP10: meropenem, SxT25: Co-Trimoxazole.