Table 1.
Specifications of studies entered into the meta-analysis.
| Author, year, and reference | Place of study | Sample size | Mean ± SD of before SBP | Mean ± SD of after SBP | Mean ± SD of before DBP | Mean ± SD of after DBP | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haidari, 2014, [17] | Iran | 46 | 149.8 ± 4.63 | 144.9 ± 5.21 | 94.03 ± 3.66 | 85.9 ± 6.38 | High |
| Amooali, 2015, [18] | Iran | 20 | 132.8 ± 13.66 | 121.9 ± 9.17 | 77.6 ± 7.89 | 74.9 ± 3.66 | High |
| Hosseiny, 2007, [8] | Iran | 36 | 150.04 ± 12 | 149.5 ± 11 | 88.6 ± 6 | 84.6 ± 5 | High |
| Tabara, 2007, [12] | Japan | 40 | 136 ± 19 | 129 ± 17 | 75 ± 11 | 70 ± 10 | High |
| Noroalahi, 2019, [19] | Iran | 18 | 140.33 ± 18.1 | 125.33 ± 15.1 | 83.94 ± 13.26 | 75.94 ± 11.33 | High |
| Faramarzi, 2012, [20] | Iran | 20 | 131.13 ± 18.5 | 123.63 ± 11.1 | 86.48 ± 3.5 | 81.61 ± 1.8 | High |
| Behjati Ardakani, 2018, [21] | Iran | 24 | 131.1 ± 18 | 123.5 ± 11.1 | 86.4 ± 3.45 | 81.6 ± 1.8 | High |
| Ghasemian, 2013, [22] | Iran | 20 | 131.3 ± 10.5 | 121.63 ± 11 | 86.88 ± 3.5 | 80.1 ± 0.8 | High |
| Kawasaki, 2011, [23] | Japan | 35 | 136.6 ± 3.2 | 127 ± 2.7 | 81 ± 1.6 | 77.5 ± 1.3 | Medium |
| Yin, 1998, [24] | Japan | 25 | 137.0 ± 10 | 135 ± 14 | 80 ± 7 | 78 ± 8 | Medium |
| Wong, 2019, [25] | Korea | 52 | 146 ± 8.1 | 135 ± 1 | 88 ± 1 | 79 ± 1 | High |
| Ruangthai, 2019, [26] | Thailand | 13 | 141 ± 15.9 | 128.3 ± 15.4 | 84.1 ± 10 | 76.6 ± 7.5 | High |
| Hamdorf, 1999, [27] | Australia | — | 144.6 ± 4.9 | 139.8 ± 4.2 | 72.6 ± 2.2 | 74 ± 1.8 | Medium |
| Lee, 2007, [28] | Taiwan | 102 | 152 ± 10.5 | 136.2 ± 16.7 | 83.5 ± 11.2 | 76.7 ± 12.3 | High |
| Lim, 2015, [29] | Korea | 10 | 129.4 ± 12.7 | 124.5 ± 9.2 | 80.8 ± 6.7 | 78.1 ± 6.7 | High |
| Miura, 2015, [30] | Japan | 45 | 150 ± 9.1 | 145 ± 8.9 | 83.5 ± 5.9 | 80.2 ± 6.2 | High |
| Ohkubo, 2001, [31] | Japan | 121 | 134.2 ± 2.4 | 127.6 ± 2.3 | 79.1 ± 1.3 | 76.9 ± 1.3 | High |
| Okumiya, 1996, [32] | Japan | 21 | 136.4 ± 22.6 | 140.9 ± 22.8 | 78.1 ± 11.8 | 73.6 ± 11.2 | High |
| Patil, 2015, [33] | India | 30 | 146.87 ± 5.72 | 154.83 ± 6.33 | 74.2 ± 4.6 | 75.57 ± 5.68 | High |
| Sunami, 1999, [34] | Japan | 20 | 142 ± 22 | 140 ± 19 | 83 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 | Medium |
| Thomas, 2005, [35] | Hong Kong | 64 | 142 ± 17 | 142 ± 23 | 72 ± 13 | 72 ± 14 | Medium |
| Pitsavos, 2011, [36] | Greece | 52 | 131.5 ± 13.48 | 119.45 ± 6.87 | 83 ± 4.97 | 76.55 ± 4.88 | High |
| Deiseroth, 2019, [37] | Switzerland | 25 | 132 ± 15 | 128 ± 16 | 88 ± 10 | 78 ± 8 | High |
| del Pozo-Cruz, 2012, [38] | España | 21 | 140.55 ± 12.9 | 133.3 ± 20.26 | 86.1 ± 8.16 | 77.65 ± 6.64 | High |
| Di Mauro, 1998, [39] | Italy | 35 | 156.1 ± 15.3 | 154.4 ± 13.6 | 97 ± 7.7 | 94.7 ± 6.5 | Medium |
| Leibovitz, 2005, [40] | Israel | 25 | 131 ± 3 | 130 ± 2 | 73 ± 1 | 74 ± 1 | High |
| Broman, 2006, [41] | Sweden | 15 | 138 ± 9 | 138 ± 14 | 79 ± 8 | 75 ± 7 | High |
| Chomiuk, 2013, [42] | Poland | 44 | 134.61 ± 13.1 | 129.67 ± 11.7 | 75.67 ± 8.46 | 73.22 ± 8.04 | High |
| Dimeo, 2012, [43] | Germany | 24 | 138.4 ± 14.1 | 132.5 ± 10.8 | 78.3 ± 10.2 | 75 ± 9.8 | High |
| Faulkner, 2013, [44] | New Zealand | 36 | 141 ± 16 | 136 ± 16 | 82 ± 9 | 80 ± 9 | Medium |
| Finucane, 2010, [45] | UK | 50 | 138.8 ± 15 | 135.8 ± 12.5 | 76.8 ± 8.6 | 75.2 ± 9.1 | High |
| Kallinen, 2002, [46] | Finland | 12 | 174 ± 15 | 164 ± 16 | 83 ± 3 | 80 ± 2 | Medium |
| Niederseer, 2011, [47] | Austria | 22 | 123.1 ± 11.9 | 122.6 ± 13.4 | 82.4 ± 11.2 | 78.1 ± 9.5 | High |
| Puggaard, 2000, [48] | Denmark | 22 | 153 ± 37 | 161 ± 31 | 77 ± 16 | 84 ± 22 | High |
| Sousa, 2013, [49] | Portugal | 16 | 149.4 ± 25.1 | 148.5 ± 15.1 | 80.4 ± 7.6 | 82.8 ± 9.6 | High |
| Westhoff, 2008, [13] | Germany | 12 | 134 ± 20 | 127 ± 16.4 | 73 ± 21.6 | 67.1 ± 8.2 | High |
| Peters, 2006, [50] | USA | 10 | 146 ± 11 | 133 ± 14 | 90 ± 7 | 88 ± 11 | High |
| Ditor, 2005, [51] | Canada | 8 | 117 ± 20.3 | 114.8 ± 15 | 73.3 ± 10.6 | 71.8 ± 9.4 | High |
| Cunha, 2011, [52] | Brazil | 30 | 134.41 ± 17.5 | 126.81 ± 16.1 | 81.65 ± 10.57 | 76.35 ± 10.28 | High |
| Cunha, 2012, [53] | Brazil | 16 | 135.46 ± 7.42 | 126.93 ± 11.5 | 76.09 ± 6.49 | 72.84 ± 5.08 | High |
| de Freitas Brito, 2014, [54] | Brazil | 10 | 147 ± 4 | 146 ± 3 | 93 ± 4 | 91 ± 3 | Medium |
| Júnior, 2019, [55] | Brazil | 10 | 162.5 ± 11.2 | 160 ± 9.1 | 90 ± 5.9 | 80 ± 7.6 | High |
| Lowenthal, 2004, [56] | USA | 25 | 128 ± 3 | 126 ± 4 | 86 ± 4 | 78 ± 3 | High |
| Moreira, 2016, [57] | Brazil | 23 | 125.2 ± 9.3 | 114.7 ± 5.3 | 72 ± 6.8 | 71 ± 5.7 | High |
| Mota, 2013, [58] | Brazil | 32 | 134.5 ± 14.6 | 122.4 ± 13.8 | 80.9 ± 11.1 | 73.2 ± 9.5 | High |
| Santana, 2011, [59] | Brazil | 10 | 129 ± 17 | 125 ± 14 | 77.0 ± 8 | 77 ± 7 | High |
| Scher, 2010, [60] | Brazil | 16 | 130 ± 15 | 128 ± 10 | 80 ± 8 | 76 ± 8 | High |
| Toth, 2006, [5] | USA | 50 | 148.3 ± 22.8 | 140.5 ± 27.2 | — | — | Medium |
| Chan, 2018, [61] | USA | 82 | 142.39 ± 17.3 | 138.15 ± 17.3 | 81.83 ± 11.65 | 79.74 ± 10.51 | High |
| Costa, 2019, [62] | Brazil | 23 | 121.5 ± 11.2 | 119.2 ± 6.9 | 71.1 ± 8.4 | 70 ± 7.8 | High |
| Nascimento, 2019, [63] | Brazil | 27 | 126.04 ± 11.04 | 118.08 ± 9.09 | 72.95 ± 6.47 | 69.02 ± 6.54 | High |
| Kling, 2019, [64] | USA | 10 | 137.1 ± 22.3 | 124.7 ± 19.4 | 76.3 ± 12.2 | 76 ± 9.5 | High |
| Leandro, 2019, [65] | Brazil | 24 | 142.96 ± 20.91 | 124.12 ± 9.95 | 79.48 ± 19.48 | 61.68 ± 11.07 | High |
| Braith, 1994, [66] | USA | 19 | 120 ± 9 | 112 ± 11 | 75 ± 7 | 68 ± 6 | Medium |
| Applegate, 1992, [67] | USA | 56 | 145 ± 10 | 143 ± 12 | 88 ± 4 | 87 ± 2 | Medium |
| Barone, 2009, [68] | USA | 51 | 140 ± 8 | 134.7 ± 10.1 | 77 ± 7 | 73.4 ± 4.8 | High |
| Bouchonville, 2014, [69] | USA | 26 | 131.2 ± 11.7 | 130 ± 15.5 | 70.9 ± 8.3 | 68.8 ± 6.1 | High |
| Dusek, 2008, [70] | USA | 61 | 146.3 ± 5.5 | 145.3 ± 4.7 | 77.3 ± 7.1 | 77.6 ± 7.8 | High |
| Gerage, 2013, [71] | Brazil | 15 | 125 ± 8 | 120 ± 7 | 81 ± 6 | 80 ± 6 | Medium |
| Goncalves, 2014, [72] | Brazil | 17 | 126 ± 5.2 | 122.9 ± 4.4 | 80.9 ± 3.3 | 81.9 ± 4.4 | High |
| Jessup, 1998, [73] | USA | 11 | 134.7 ± 11.9 | 129.4 ± 11.5 | 76.9 ± 5.1 | 72.1 ± 7.4 | High |
| Li, 2005, [74] | USA | 54 | 135.02 ± 13.51 | 125.98 ± 13.1 | 78.59 ± 11.06 | 72.83 ± 10.63 | Medium |
| Madden, 2010, [75] | Canada | 20 | 143 ± 3 | 139 ± 4 | 85 ± 2 | 86 ± 2 | High |
| Millar, 2008, [76] | Canada | 25 | 122 ± 2.8 | 117 ± 2.8 | 70 ± 1.3 | 68 ± 1.6 | High |
| Simons, 2006, [77] | USA | 64 | 133 ± 12 | 128 ± 9 | 68 ± 6 | 70 ± 4 | Medium |
| Wang, 2011, [78] | USA | 180 | 131.9 ± 17.6 | 128.2 ± 17.8 | 68.7 ± 10.7 | 67.5 ± 9.4 | High |
| Wood, 2001, [79] | USA | 11 | 153.3 ± 10.8 | 146.6 ± 15.6 | 81.3 ± 7.2 | 70.9 ± 8.2 | High |
| Yassine, 2009, [80] | USA | 24 | 135.6 ± 11.2 | 121.1 ± 11.2 | 81.6 ± 11.2 | 71.6 ± 9.6 | High |
| Mortimer, 2011, [81] | South Africa | 15 | 130.6 ± 6.4 | 123 ± 9.1 | 83.88 ± 4.1 | 78 ± 5.1 | High |