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. 2020 Sep 24;2020:8835986. doi: 10.1155/2020/8835986

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Copyright © 2020 Faisal A. Alzahrani et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and stem-cell-based therapy. (a). SARS-CoV-2 enters into the human body via droplets from infected patients. In human cells, SARS-CoV-2 binds with the ACE2 receptors present on host cells and initiates a cytokine storm. This storm results in severe lung injury. (b). MSCs. (c). MSCs-Exo or EVs are considered a possible future treatment due to many of their properties, such as a lack of ACE2 receptors (which prevents a cytokine storm) and immune modulation and restoration of damaged cells due to their essential growth factors and metabolites, see Supplemental Video 1 for the proposed mechanism of MSCs-Exo in treating COVID-19 symptoms.