Figure 3.

Entropy of node strength in the worldwide single-layer, multiplex, and multi-layer networks in 2000. (A) As we increase the complexity of the trade structure from the single-layer to the multi-layer network, strength is re-distributed less uniformly across transactions and stages of production, and new heterogeneous market structures and dominance positions are uncovered; (B) entropy of the in- and out- strengths associated distinctively with intra- and cross-layer connections in the multi-layer network. Cross-layer connections are characterized by a lower value of entropy, thus suggesting a higher concentration of value in production stages that span different industries than in production stages that occur within industries.