Table 3.

Linear mixed models (LMMs) on logMAR visual acuity

	Dependent variables						Potential mediators
	Depression (CES-D)			Anxiety (HADS-A)			Mastery (PMS-5)			Self-esteem (RSES)
	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p
Visual Impairment
Crude analysis	0.341	0.059	0.000	0.082	0.057	0.147	−0.589	0.066	0.000	−0.215	0.062	0.000
Adjusted analysis +	0.235	0.060	0.000	0.032	0.058	0.579	−0.477	0.067	0.000	−0.166	0.063	0.008

⁺ Adjusted for gender, age and number of comorbid chronic disorders

CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale) [29], HADS-A (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety Subscale) [30],

PMS-5 (5-item Pearlin Mastery Scale) [31] and RSES (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) [32]