Table 1.
Participant Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Non-Frail (n = 128) | Frail (n = 225) | Unadjusted P Value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SE) | 71.5 (0.9) | 77.7 (0.6) | < 0.001* |
| Female, n (%) | 70 (55) | 130 (58) | |
| Current or ex-smoker, n (%) | 57 (45) | 125 (56) | |
| University/college qualification, n (%) | 43 (34) | 57 (25) | |
| Self-reported health problems, n (%) | |||
| - Diabetes | 13 (10) | 45 (20) | |
| - Heart | 19 (15) | 84 (37) | |
| - Stroke | 6 (5) | 32 (14) | |
| - Blood vessels or circulation | 19 (15) | 66 (29) | |
| - Lung or breathing | 17 (13) | 64 (28) | |
| - Liver | 7 (5) | 16 (7) | |
| - Joints, bones or muscles | 52 (41) | 161 (72) | |
| - Mental health | 14 (11) | 37 (16) | |
| Chronic kidney disease stage, n (%) | |||
| - CKD G2 | 14 (11) | 17 (8) | |
| - CKD G3a | 87 (68) | 123 (55) | |
| - CKD G3b | 26 (20) | 68 (30) | |
| - CKD G4 | 1 (1) | 17 (8) | |
| Laboratory Variables, mean (SE) | |||
| - eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 50.9 (0.7) | 45.8 (0.7) | < 0.001* |
| - Haemoglobin (g/L) | 137.4 (1.7) | 132.2 (1.1) | 0.01 |
| - Albumin (g/L) | 41.4 (0.5) | 39.2 (0.4) | < 0.001* |
| Frailty Components, n (%) | |||
| - Weakness/slowness | 12 (9) | 179 (80) | |
| - Exhaustion | 41 (32) | 208 (92) | |
| - Low physical activity | 32 (25) | 172 (76) | |
| Slow walking pace, n (%) | 11 (9) | 130 (58) | |
| VO2 Peak mL/kg/min, mean (SE) | 33.9 (6.0) | 21.7 (9.1) | < 0.001* |
| Total symptoms, mean (SE) | 6.9 (0.3) | 9.2 (0.1) | < 0.001* |
| Total symptom score, mean (SE) | 14.6 (0.7) | 24.9 (0.6) | < 0.001* |
| SF-12 PCS, mean (SE) | 51.8 (0.6) | 36.4 (0.7) | < 0.001* |
| SF-12 MCS, mean (SE) | 53.8 (0.7) | 50.2 (0.7) | < 0.001* |
Data presented as mean (SE) or frequencies (%). *Remain statistically significant following Bonferroni correction. Estimated VO2 Peak, (peak oxygen uptake). SF-12, Short Form-12