Table 2.
Factors associated with quality of life in a univariate approach and in a multivariable model. EUROHIS means/slope together with 95% CI are based on model estimates
| Univariate | Multivariable | |||||||
| EUROHIS total mean/slope | 95% CI | P value | EUROHIS total model based mean/slope | 95% CI | F value | df | P value | |
| Age | −0.0040 | −0.0079 to −0.00008 | 0.046 | −0.00028 | −0.0042 to 0.0036 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.89 |
| Gender | 0.94 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.99 | ||||
| Female | 4.07 | 4.03 to 4.11 | 3.54 | 3.38 to 3.69 | ||||
| Male | 4.07 | 3.96 to 4.18 | 3.54 | 3.36 to 3.72 | ||||
| Education | 0.036 | 4.17 | 2 | 0.016 | ||||
| Vocational school | 3.83 | 3.61 to 4.05 | 3.37 | 3.11 to 3.62 | ||||
| College-level | 4.05 | 4.00 to 4.11 | 3.59 | 3.44 to 3.74 | ||||
| University-level | 4.11 | 4.05 to 4.16 | 3.66 | 3.51 to 3.81 | ||||
| Cohabiting | 0.011 | 5.72 | 1 | 0.017 | ||||
| Yes | 4.09 | 4.05 to 4.13 | 3.59 | 3.43 to 3.75 | ||||
| No | 3.97 | 3.88 to 4.06 | 3.48 | 3.31 to 3.66 | ||||
| Smoking | 0.39 | |||||||
| Yes | 4.02 | 3.89 to 4.14 | ||||||
| No | 4.08 | 4.04 to 4.12 | ||||||
| Harmful alcohol consumption | 0.33 | |||||||
| Yes | 4.12 | 4.02 to 4.22 | ||||||
| No | 4.06 | 4.02 to 4.11 | ||||||
| Body mass index | −0.020 | −0.028 to −0.012 | <0.0001 | −0.018 | −0.025 to −0.011 | 23.91 | 1 | <0.0001 |
| Disease burden* | <0.0001 | 13.35 | 1 | 0.0003 | ||||
| Yes | 3.99 | 3.95 to 4.04 | 3.47 | 3.31 to 3.63 | ||||
| No | 4.22 | 4.16 to 4.29 | 3.61 | 3.44 to 3.77 | ||||
| Depression† | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Yes | 3.07 | 2.74 to 3.39 | ||||||
| No | 4.08 | 4.05 to 4.12 | ||||||
| Level of anxiety‡ | <0.0001 | |||||||
| No | 4.19 | 4.16 to 4.23 | ||||||
| Mild | 3.75 | 3.67 to 3.82 | ||||||
| Moderate | 3.47 | 3.29 to 3.64 | ||||||
| Severe | 3.66 | 3.32 to 4.00 | ||||||
| Depression and/or anxiety†§ | 13.92 | 2 | <0.0001 | |||||
| No depression/ No anxiety | 3.89 | 3.77 to 4.00 | ||||||
| Only anxiety | 3.59 | 3.36 to 3.82 | ||||||
| Depression and anxiety | 3.14 | 2.81 to 3.46 | ||||||
| Occupational stress¶ | <0.0001 | 39.30 | 1 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 3.63 | 3.51 to 3.74 | 3.35 | 3.18 to 3.53 | ||||
| No | 4.13 | 4.09 to 4.17 | 3.72 | 3.56 to 3.88 | ||||
| 3-shift work | 0.089 | 0.55 | 1 | 0.46 | ||||
| Yes | 4.16 | 4.02 to 4.10 | 3.56 | 3.37 to 3.74 | ||||
| No | 4.06 | 4.05 to 4.28 | 3.52 | 3.36 to 3.67 | ||||
| Self-reported sleep quality | <0.0001 | 22.02 | 2 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Very good | 4.38 | 4.30 to 4.45 | 3.74 | 3.56 to 3.92 | ||||
| Good | 4.09 | 4.05 to 4.14 | 3.53 | 3.36 to 3.69 | ||||
| Poor | 3.83 | 3.75 to 3.91 | 3.34 | 3.18 to 3.51 | ||||
*At least one chronic disease diagnosed by a physician.
†Defined by Major Depression Inventory diagnostic tool (DSM IV).
‡General Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale.
§General Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale, moderate or severe anxiety.
¶Bergen Burnout Indicator 15, at least mild occupational stress.
df, degrees of freedom; EUROHIS, EUROHIS QOL 8-item index.