Supplementary Table 2.
Characteristics of Observational Studies Reporting the Effects of Acid Suppressants Use on Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
| Study | Country of participants | Study period | Study design | Total | Age, y | Male, % | Acid suppressants exposure | Types of acid suppressants | OR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almario2a | United States | May 3–June 24 2020 | Case control | 53,130 | Aged ≥60 (13.3% of participants) | 48 | Current use (at the time of survey) | Once-daily PPI use | 2.15 (1.90–2.44) |
| Twice-daily PPI use | 3.67 (2.93–4.60) | ||||||||
| Once-daily H2RA use | 0.85 (0.74–0.99) | ||||||||
| Twice-daily H2RA use | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | ||||||||
| Lee3b | South Korea | January 1–May 15 2020 | Cohort | 132316 | mean age, 48 | 51 | Past use (31–365 days before the index date) | Past PPI use | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) |
| Current use (1–30 days before the index date) | Short-term PPI use | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | |||||||
| Long-term PPI use | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | ||||||||
| Blanc 6c | France | March 2–April 8 2020 | Case control | 179 | mean age, 84 | 31.8 | Current use (1–15 days before the index date) | PPI use | 0.43 (0.23–0.82) |
| Our studyd | United Kingdom | March 16–June 29 2020 | Cohort | 9469 | Aged ≥ 65 (69.4% of participants) | 48.7 | Ever use (no data on current use) | PPI use in whole cohort | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) |
| PPI use in patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases | 1.22 (0.93–1.60) | ||||||||
| H2RA use in whole cohort | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | ||||||||
| H2RA use in patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases | 1.46 (0.90–2.39) |
In the Almario et al study, risk factors were adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, marital status, employment status, income, body mass index, current smoking, alcohol use, region, insurance status, usual source of care, and irritable bowel disease, celiac disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, liver cirrhosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
In the Lee et al study, risk factors were adjusted for age, sex, region; history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease; Charlson Comorbidity Index, and current use of systemic steroid, metformin, and aspirin.
In the Blanc et al study, adjusted factors were not clear.
In our study, PSM was performed before logistic regression analysis. Matching factors for PSM including age, sex, race, body mass index categories, alcohol drinker status, smoking status, upper gastrointestinal diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis/bronchiectasis, heart failure, hypertensive, chronic ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, renal failure, liver cirrhosis and/or liver failure, dementia, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.