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. 2020 Sep 10;8:862. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00862

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Copyright © 2020 Khan, Yu, Kiwan, Shalal, Filimon, Cipro, Shum-Tim, Cecere and Schwertani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stenotic aortic valves have greater immunostaining of Wnt/β-catenin mediators compared to healthy valves. Low (A) DVL2, (B) GSK-3β, (C) SFRP2, (D) β-catenin immunoreactivity observed in histologically normal leaflet (arrows indicate weak immunostaining in native cells). Prevalent immunostaining of (E) αSMA in histologically normal leaflets. Co-localization of (F) DVL2, (G) GSK-3β, (H) SFRP2 (I), β-catenin immunoreactivity with macrophages around areas of calcification (arrows), indicated by (J) CD68 staining. Co-localization of (K) DVL2, (L) GSK-3β, (M) SFRP2 (N), β-catenin immunoreactivity in valve interstitial cells in the thickened fibrosa (arrows), indicated by (O) αSMA staining. *Calcified foci; v, ventricular side of the leaflet. Arrows point to regions of interest.