Table 1. General and disease-related characteristics of patients with heart failure.
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (range: 44–94 years) | 72.15 ± 11.08 |
| Gender | |
| Men | 42 (42.0) |
| Women | 58 (58.0) |
| Educational level | |
| Middle school or less | 48 (48.0) |
| High school or above | 52 (52.0) |
| Socioeconomic status | |
| Low | 24 (24.0) |
| Middle | 57 (57.0) |
| High | 19 (19.0) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 74 (74.0) |
| Widowed | 24 (24.0) |
| Divorced | 2 (2.0) |
| Employment status | |
| Yes | 25 (25.0) |
| No | 75 (75.0) |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | 34 (34.0) |
| Buddhism | 23 (23.0) |
| Catholicism | 11 (11.0) |
| None | 32 (32.0) |
| Duration of heart failure (years) | 6.16 ± 5.49 |
| NYHAa class | |
| I | 24 (24.0) |
| II | 25 (25.0) |
| III | 35 (35.0) |
| IV | 16 (16.0) |
| Treatmentb | |
| Medication therapy | 95 (95.0%) |
| Internal intervention | 23 (23.0%) |
| Surgical operation | 17 (17.0%) |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease | |
| Yes | 19 (19.0) |
| No | 81 (81.0) |
aNew York Heart Association.
bOverlapping response.