Table 3. Association between health outcomes and types of discrimination: 2016 NYC Community Health Survey.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 if General Health Poor | 1 if Depressed | 1 if has High Pressure | 1 if has diabetes | |
| Discrimination based on race/ethnicity | 3.76*** | 6.20*** | 2.44*** | 1.33 |
| [2.15–6.59] | [3.44–11.16] | [1.32–4.51] | [0.59–3.00] | |
| Discrimination based on other categories | 2.49*** | 3.09*** | 1.75*** | 1.84*** |
| [1.65–3.75] | [2.00–4.77] | [1.21–2.52] | [1.22–2.77] | |
| Insurance Ref: Private | ||||
| Medicare | 1.45*** | 1.47* | 1.44*** | 1.05 |
| [1.11–1.89] | [0.95–2.28] | [1.13–1.83] | [0.80–1.38] | |
| Medicaid | 1.16 | 1.47** | 1.01 | 0.83 |
| [0.91–1.48] | [1.03–2.09] | [0.80–1.26] | [0.63–1.09] | |
| Others | 1.12 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.55** |
| [0.68–1.85] | [0.45–1.71] | [0.56–1.27] | [0.31–0.97] | |
| Uninsured | 1.10 | 0.98 | 0.73* | 0.59** |
| [0.78–1.55] | [0.60–1.62] | [0.52–1.01] | [0.37–0.94] | |
| 1 if Born in US | 1.06 | 1.24 | 1.22** | 0.89 |
| [0.86–1.32] | [0.92–1.67] | [1.01–1.48] | [0.69–1.14] | |
| 1 if Male | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 1.20* |
| [0.77–1.07] | [0.72–1.15] | [0.84–1.14] | [0.99–1.45] | |
| 1 if Married | 0.94 | 0.60*** | 0.87* | 1.02 |
| [0.79–1.13] | [0.47–0.79] | [0.74–1.02] | [0.83–1.25] | |
| 1 if college graduate | 0.69*** | 0.49*** | 0.78*** | 0.59*** |
| [0.56–0.85] | [0.37–0.65] | [0.65–0.94] | [0.47–0.74] | |
| employed | 0.48*** | 0.60*** | 0.68*** | 0.50*** |
| [0.40–0.58] | [0.46–0.78] | [0.57–0.81] | [0.40–0.62] | |
| 1 if Non-English at home | 1.49*** | 0.85 | 1.11 | 0.86 |
| [1.16–1.91] | [0.59–1.24] | [0.88–1.40] | [0.64–1.15] | |
| Race Ref: White Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Black Non-Hispanic | 0.99 | 0.54*** | 2.05*** | 1.82*** |
| [0.75–1.29] | [0.37–0.79] | [1.63–2.58] | [1.33–2.48] | |
| Hispanic | 1.09 | 0.83 | 1.57*** | 1.99*** |
| [0.85–1.41] | [0.57–1.20] | [1.23–2.01] | [1.48–2.69] | |
| Asian/PI Non-Hispanic | 1.84*** | 0.50** | 0.87 | 1.45* |
| [1.37–2.47] | [0.28–0.86] | [0.65–1.16] | [0.97–2.15] | |
| Others | 1.57 | 0.97 | 1.23 | 1.47 |
| [0.89–2.77] | [0.48–1.97] | [0.71–2.13] | [0.82–2.62] | |
| Age Groups Ref: 18-24yrs | ||||
| 25–44 yrs | 2.81*** | 1.40 | 2.65*** | 4.02*** |
| [1.85–4.29] | [0.91–2.15] | [1.73–4.05] | [1.56–10.34] | |
| 45–64 yrs | 7.25*** | 1.91*** | 11.31*** | 20.48*** |
| [4.84–10.86] | [1.26–2.91] | [7.49–17.08] | [8.16–51.43] | |
| 65+ yrs | 7.45*** | 1.04 | 20.06*** | 30.39*** |
| [4.88–11.37] | [0.61–1.75] | [13.08–30.76] | [11.88–77.73] | |
| Poverty Groups Ref:<100% FPL | ||||
| 100 - <200% FPL | 0.83* | 0.64*** | 0.90 | 0.81* |
| [0.67–1.03] | [0.47–0.88] | [0.71–1.12] | [0.63–1.03] | |
| 200 - <400% FPL | 0.53*** | 0.54*** | 0.91 | 0.78 |
| [0.41–0.70] | [0.37–0.78] | [0.71–1.18] | [0.57–1.05] | |
| 400 - <600% FPL | 0.43*** | 0.34*** | 0.74** | 0.74* |
| [0.31–0.58] | [0.21–0.55] | [0.57–0.97] | [0.53–1.03] | |
| >600% FPL | 0.25*** | 0.25*** | 0.74* | 0.51*** |
| [0.17–0.37] | [0.15–0.43] | [0.54–1.01] | [0.33–0.79] | |
| Observations | 9,358 | 8,869 | 9,412 | 9,416 |
Logistic Regression models are estimated using the svy suite of commands in Stata 15, using weights to control for the complex survey design. FPL: Federal Poverty Level. AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; 95% Confidence Intervals are in brackets.
*** p<0.01
** p<0.05
* p<0.1.