Table 1.

Characteristics of nanoparticles and base fluid.

Property	Water (H2O)	Titanium dioxide (TiO2) [43,44]
Density (kgm−3)	${\rho }_f$= 9.877 × 102	${\rho }_p$ = 4.250 × 103
Heat capacity (Jkg−1 K−1)	${\left(C_p\right)}_f$ = 4.066 × 103	${\left(C_p\right)}_p$ = 6.862 × 102
Electrical conductivity (m−1)	${\sigma }_f$ = 5.0 × 10−2	${\sigma }_p$ = 0.24 × 107
Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)	$k_f$ = 6.44 × 10−1	$k_p$ = 8.9538
Thermal expansion coefficient (K−1)	${\beta }_f$ = 21 × 105	${\beta }_p$ = 0.9 × 105