Figure 16.

Integration: Irreducible versus reducible occurrences. (A) Transition and causal account of Figure 6. (B) The second-order occurrence $\left\{\right(OR,AND)=10\}$ with actual cause $\{AB=10\}$ is irreducible under the MIP. (C) Reducible transition with equivalent first-order causal links, but missing the second-order causal link present in (A). (D) The constraints specified by the second-order occurrence $\left\{\right(OR,AND)=10\}$ here are the same, and thus reducible, to those under the MIP.