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. 2019 May 2;21(5):459. doi: 10.3390/e21050459
Realization: There is a dynamical causal network Gu and a transition vt−1≺vt, such that pu(vt|vt−1)>0.
Composition: All xt−1⊆vt−1 may have actual effects and be actual causes, and all yt⊆vt may have actual causes and be actual effects.
Information: Occurrences must increase the probability of their causes or effects (ρ(xt−1,yt)>0).
Integration: Moreover, they must do so above and beyond their parts (α(xt−1,yt)>0).
Exclusion: An occurrence has only one actual cause (or effect), and it is the occurrence that maximizes αc (or αe).