Table 1. Demographic, clinical and biological characteristics of included patients at hospital admission (n = 243).
| Acute dengue infection (n = 173) |
Other arbovirus infection (n = 33) |
Non-dengue infection (n = 37) |
p-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | [95% CI] or (%) | n | [95%] CI or (%) | n | [95% CI] or (%) | ||
| Demographic characteristics and medical history | |||||||
| Mean age (years) (±SD; median) (years) |
7.7 | [7.3–8.2] (± 3.0; 7.0) |
9.1 | [7.8–10.4] (± 3.7; 8.0) |
9.8 | [8.7–10.9] (± 3.3; 10.0) |
4.1e-4 |
| Sex ratio (male:female) | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.98 | |||
| Day after onset of symptoms | 3.6 | [3.3–3.8] | 2.8 | [2.3–3.3] | 2.5 | [1.9–3.0] | 4.2e-5 |
| Clinical examination | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 19.3 | [18.2–20.4] | 23.7 | [19.7–27.7] | 23.3 | [20.5–26.2] | 1.3e-3 |
| Height (cm) | 115 | [112.5–117.5] | 125 | [117.5–132.6] | 124.3 | [118–130.5] | 7.6e-4 |
| Temperature (°C) | 37.8 | [37.7–38.0] | 38.1 | [37.6–38.6] | 38.25 | [37.9–38.6] | 0.07 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 99.1 | [97.4–100.8] | 101.8 | [97–106.6] | 102.6 | [98.4–106.8] | 0.17 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 64.3 | [62.5–66.1] | 68.9 | [63.1–74.7] | 63.6 | [60.1–67.2] | 0.11 |
| Symptoms at admission | |||||||
| Headache | 152 | (88) | 31 | (94) | 31 | (84) | 0.47 |
| Retro-orbital pain | 117 | (68) | 22 | (67) | 25 | (68) | 1.00 |
| Muscle pain | 88 | (51) | 18 | (55) | 15 | (41) | 0.45 |
| Joint pain | 40 | (23) | 8 | (24) | 10 | (27) | 0.89 |
| Backache | 10 | (6) | 1 | (3) | 3 | (8) | 0.75 |
| Hemorrhagic manifestations | |||||||
| Petechiae | 37 | (21) | 3 | (9) | 3 | (8) | 0.07 |
| Ecchymosis or purpura | 21 | (12) | 3 | (9) | 0 | - | 0.06 |
| Bleeding nose, gums | 7 | (4) | 1 | (3) | 1 | (3) | 1.00 |
| Conjunctival hemorrhage | 37 | (21) | 3 | (9) | 8 | (22) | 0.25 |
| Hematemesis | 3 | (2) | 3 | (9) | 0 | - | 0.06 |
| Tourniquet test | 121 | (70) | 21 | (64) | 19 | (51) | 0.09 |
| At least one manifestation | 136 | (79) | 23 | (70) | 25 | (68) | 0.24 |
| Warning signs | |||||||
| Vomiting | 139 | (80) | 26 | (79) | 24 | (65) | 0.12 |
| Abdominal pain | 126 | (73) | 25 | (76) | 22 | (60) | 0.22 |
| Diarrhea | 7 | (4) | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.57 |
| Hepatomegaly (by echography only) |
74 | (43) | 18 | (56) | 8 | (22) | 9.2e-3 |
| At least one warning sign | 162 | (94) | 30 | (91) | 30 | (81) | 0.05 |
| Plasma leakage | |||||||
| Ascites | 71 | (41) | 16 | (50) | 6 | (16) | 4.5e-3 |
| Pleural effusion | 66 | (38) | 13 | (41) | 4 | (11) | 2.3e-3 |
| Facial oedema | 10 | (6) | 0 | - | 1 | (3) | 0.49 |
| At least one plasma leakage sign | 83 | (48) | 17 | (52) | 8 | (22) | 8.1e-3 |
| Shock signs | |||||||
| Cold extremities | 28 | (16) | 6 | (18) | 1 | (3) | 0.05 |
| Weak pulse | 16 | (9) | 5 | (15) | 0 | - | 0.05 |
| Narrow pulse pressure | 31 | (18) | 9 | (27) | 2 | (6) | 0.05 |
| Cyanosis | 21 | (13) | 5 | (15) | 0 | - | 0.08 |
| Delayed capillary refill time | 26 | (15) | 5 | (15) | 1 | (3) | 0.20 |
| At least one shock sign | 38 | (22) | 10 | (30) | 2 | (5) | 0.02 |
| Other complications | |||||||
| Coma or convulsions | 3 | (2) | 1 | (3) | 0 | - | 0.52 |
| Other | 6 | (5) | 0 | - | 1 | (8) | 0.39 |
| Baseline laboratory findings | |||||||
| Hematological parameters | |||||||
| White blood cell count (109/L) | 5.4 | [4.8–5.9] | 6.9 | [5.5–8.4] | 8.9 | [7.5–10.4] | 1.6e-6 |
| Red blood cell count (1012/L) | 5 | [4.8–5.1] | 4.8 | [4.5–5.0] | 4.7 | [4.6–4.9] | 0.07 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 12.2 | [12–12.5] | 11.9 | [11.2–12.6] | 11.5 | [11.2–11.9] | 0.07 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 38.5 | [37.8–39.2] | 37 | [34.8–39.1] | 36.7 | [35.6–37.7] | 0.03 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 103 | [91–115] | 116 | [86–147] | 232 | [200–263] | 4.9e-15 |
| Liver function | |||||||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (IU/L) | 190 | [160–220] | 148 | [82–214] | 56 | [37–75] | 5.1e-11 |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (IU/L) | 76 | [64–88] | 64 | [30–98] | 34 | [20–47] | 1.3e-6 |
| Total Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 4.4 | [4.0–4.8] | 4.8 | [4.0–5.6] | 5.3 | [3.6–7.1] | 0.22 |
| Conjugated Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 1.5 | [1.3–1.7] | 1.6 | [1.2–2.0] | 1.7 | [1.1–2.3] | 0.74 |
| Inflammation | |||||||
| C-Reactive Protein (mg/L) | 10.3 | [6.5–14.2] | 14.8 | [8.5–21.2] | 25.9 | [15.8–36] | 1.4e-4 |
| Lipid profile | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 | [2.8–3.0] | 3 | [2.7–3.3] | 3.4 | [3.1–3.7] | 1.1e-3 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.6 | [0.5–0.6] | 0.6 | [0.5–0.7] | 0.8 | [0.7–1.0] | 3.4e-4 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 | [1.3–1.5] | 1.6 | [1.3–1.9] | 2.0 | [1.8–2.3] | 9.1e-5 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.9 | [1.8–2.1] | 1.8 | [1.4–2.2] | 1.2 | [1.0–1.5] | 8.4e-4 |
* A Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables, and one-way ANOVA or Kruskall-Wallis test for continuous variables. If the one-way ANOVA or Kruskall-Wallis test was significant (p<0.01), post-hoc Tukey tests were used to investigate which pairwise differences were significant: Age: acute dengue infection (DI) vs. non-dengue infection (NDI), p = 8.6e-4. Day after onset of symptoms: DI vs. NDI, p = 1.6e-4; Height: DI vs. NDI, p = 0.01; DI vs. OAI, p = 8.2e-3. White blood cell count: DI vs. NDI, p = 1.5e-6. Platelet count: DI vs. NDI, p = 9.7e-15; NDI vs. OAI, p = 6.3e-8. AST: DI vs. NDI, p = 3.3e-4. ALT: DI vs. NDI, p = 0.01. CRP: DI vs. NDI, p = 2.9e-3. Total cholesterol: DI vs. NDI, p = 6.8e-4. HDL cholesterol: DI vs. NDI, p = 2.6e-4; NDI vs. OAI, p = 5.3e-3. LDL cholesterol: DI vs. NDI, p = 6e-5. Triglycerides: DI vs. NDI, p = 5e-4. All other pairwise differences were not statistically significant.