Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics for patients in asthma cohort
| SABA only (n=108 411) |
ICS |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low or medium dose (n=608 972) | High dose (n=101 077) | |||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 18–<40 | 36 264 (33·4%) | 144 955 (23·8%) | 18 836 (18·6%) | |
| 40–<50 | 22 067 (20·4%) | 107 835 (17·7%) | 18 459 (18·3%) | |
| 50–< 60 | 21 852 (20·2%) | 130 434 (21·4%) | 23 752 (23·5%) | |
| 60–<70 | 13 974 (12·9%) | 105 897 (17·4%) | 18 970 (18·8%) | |
| 70–<80 | 9209 (8·5%) | 79 810 (13·1%) | 13 904 (13·8%) | |
| ≥80 | 5075 (4·7%) | 40 041 (6·6%) | 7156 (7·1%) | |
| Median | 48 (35–60) | 53 (40–66) | 55 (44–67) | |
| Mean | 48·3 (17·4) | 53·1 (17·4) | 55·0 (16·4) | |
| Range | 18–106 | 18–106 | 18–106 | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 61 827 (57·0%) | 363 526 (59·7%) | 62 487 (61·8%) | |
| Male | 46 614 (43·0%) | 245 446 (40·3%) | 38 590 (38·2%) | |
| BMI grouping | ||||
| Underweight (<18·5 kg/m2) | 1637 (1·5%) | 7623 (1·3%) | 1147 (1·1%) | |
| Normal (18·5–<25 kg/m2) | 28 141 (26·0%) | 153 022 (25·1%) | 20 955 (20·7%) | |
| Overweight (25–<30 kg/m2) | 32 874 (30·3%) | 196 599 (32·3%) | 30 763 (30·4%) | |
| Obese I (30–<35 kg/m2) | 20 069 (18·5%) | 122 212 (20·1%) | 22 297 (22·1%) | |
| Obese II (35–<40 kg/m2) | 9497 (8·8%) | 56 837 (9·3%) | 11 891 (11·8%) | |
| Obese III (≥40 kg/m2) | 5937 (5·5%) | 34 102 (5·6%) | 8248 (8·2%) | |
| Missing | 10 286 (9·5%) | 38 577 (6·3%) | 5776 (5·7%) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 45 384 (41·9%) | 268 922 (44·2%) | 41 231 (40·8%) | |
| Former | 42 272 (39·0%) | 254 334 (41·8%) | 44 137 (43·7%) | |
| Current | 20 625 (19·0%) | 85 414 (14·0%) | 15 665 (15·5%) | |
| Missing | 160 (0·2%) | 302 (0·1%) | 44 (<0·1%) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 74 402 (68·6%) | 428 142 (70·3%) | 71 303 (70·5%) | |
| Mixed | 978 (0·9%) | 5028 (0·8%) | 838 (0·8%) | |
| Asian or Asian British | 5698 (5·3%) | 32 357 (5·3%) | 5866 (5·8%) | |
| Black | 1546 (1·4%) | 8139 (1·3%) | 1455 (1·4%) | |
| Other | 892 (0·8%) | 4863 (0·8%) | 881 (0·9%) | |
| Unknown | 24 925 (23·0%) | 130 443 (21·4%) | 20 734 (20·5%) | |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation | ||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 21 087 (19·5%) | 124 406 (20·4%) | 17 776 (17·6%) | |
| 2 | 21 705 (20·0%) | 124 312 (20·4%) | 18 956 (18·8%) | |
| 3 | 22 016 (20·3%) | 121 926 (20·0%) | 20 217 (20·0%) | |
| 4 | 22 392 (20·7%) | 121 117 (19·9%) | 21 478 (21·2%) | |
| 5 (most deprived) | 21 241 (19·6%) | 117 211 (19·3%) | 22 650 (22·4%) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Treatments | ||||
| Single SABA | 108 441 (100%) | 417 008 (68·5%) | 78 222 (77·4%) | |
| High-dose ICS | 0 | 2914 (0·5%) | 101 077 (100%) | |
| Low-dose or medium-dose ICS | 0 | 608 972 (100%) | 7547 (7·5%) | |
| Single ICS | 0 | 280 880 (46·1%) | 10 088 (10·0%) | |
| Single SAMA | 116 (0·1%) | 1630 (0·3%) | 896 (0·9%) | |
| Single LABA | 543 (0·5%) | 5960 (1·0%) | 1503 (1·5%) | |
| Single LAMA | 0 | 8037 (1·3%) | 8335 (8·3%) | |
| LABA–ICS | 0 | 338 182 (55·5%) | 93 459 (92·5%) | |
| LABA–LAMA | 0 | 236 (<0·1%) | 121 (0·1%) | |
| LABA–LAMA–ICS | 0 | 1177 (0·2%) | 86 (0·1%) | |
| Single LTRA | 0 | 40 468 (6·7%) | 23 054 (22·8%) | |
| Clinical conditions | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| No | 103 341 (95·3%) | 573 525 (94·2%) | 94 026 (93·0%) | |
| Yes | 5100 (4·7%) | 35 447 (5·8%) | 7051 (7·0%) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 82 598 (76·2%) | 432 452 (71·0%) | 67 206 (66·5%) | |
| Yes | 25 843 (23·8%) | 176 520 (29·0%) | 33 871 (33·5%) | |
| Heart failure | ||||
| No | 106 459 (98·2%) | 596 359 (97·9%) | 98 081 (97·0%) | |
| Yes | 1982 (1·8%) | 12 613 (2·1%) | 2996 (3·0%) | |
| Other heart diseases | ||||
| No | 101 549 (93·7%) | 565 066 (92·8%) | 91 929 (90·9%) | |
| Yes | 6892 (6·4%) | 43 906 (7·2%) | 9148 (9·1%) | |
| Cancer | ||||
| No | 102 740 (94·7%) | 571 390 (93·8%) | 94 325 (93·3%) | |
| Yes | 5701 (5·3%) | 37 582 (6·2%) | 6752 (6·7%) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No diabetes | 93 589 (86·3%) | 523 874 (86·0%) | 83 064 (82·2%) | |
| Diabetes, not severe | 8946 (8·3%) | 57 866 (9·5%) | 12 254 (12·1%) | |
| Diabetes, severe | 5 551 (5·1%) | 25 283 (4·2%) | 5436 (5·4%) | |
| Diabetes, no HbA1c | 355 (0·3%) | 1949 (0·3%) | 323 (0·3%) | |
| Recent statin use | ||||
| No | 90 340 (83·3%) | 475 969 (78·2%) | 74 854 (74·1%) | |
| Yes | 18 101 (16·7%) | 133 003 (21·8%) | 26 223 (25·9%) | |
| Influenza vaccine status | ||||
| No | 65 191 (60·1%) | 240 861 (39·6%) | 36 016 (35·6%) | |
| Yes | 43 250 (39·9%) | 368 111 (60·5%) | 65 061 (64·4%) | |
| Pneumococcal vaccine status | ||||
| No | 101 846 (93·9%) | 557 804 (91·6%) | 91 105 (90·1%) | |
| Yes | 6595 (6·1%) | 51 168 (8·4%) | 9972 (9·9%) | |
| Exacerbation in past year | ||||
| No | 93 231 (86·0%) | 487 282 (80·0%) | 64 351 (63·7%) | |
| Yes | 15 210 (14·0%) | 121 690 (20·0%) | 36 726 (36·3%) | |
| Immunosuppressed (combination algorithm) | ||||
| No | 108 056 (99·6%) | 607 221 (99·7%) | 100 762 (99·7%) | |
| Yes | 385 (0·4%) | 1751 (0·3%) | 315 (0·3%) | |
| Primary care physician consultation count | ||||
| Median | 6 (3–12) | 7 (4–13) | 9 (5–16) | |
| Mean | 9·3 (10·7) | 10·3 (11·2) | 12·8 (13·5) | |
| Range | 0–296 | 0–548 | 0–604 | |
| Exacerbation count in the past year | ||||
| Median | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | |
| Mean | 0·24 (0·95) | 0·35 (1·09) | 0·81 (1·71) | |
| Range | 0–16 | 0–17 | 0–17 | |
Data are n (%), median (IQR), mean (SD), or range. Some proportions might not add up to 100% due to rounding. BMI=body-mass index. HbA1c=glycated haemoglobin. ICS=inhaled corticosteroid. LABA=long-acting β-agonist. LAMA=long-acting muscarinic antagonist. LTRA=leukotriene receptor antagonist. SABA=short-acting β agonist. SAMA=short-acting muscarinic antagonist.