Table 1.

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of molecules targeting FXI(a).

	Small molecules	Polypeptides	Monoclonal antibodies	Aptamers	Antisense oligonucleotides
Pharmacodynamics
Mechanism of action	Competitive & noncompetitive inhibitors of FXIa	Competitive inhibitors of FXIa	Competitive & noncompetitive inhibitors of FXIa; some target FXI	Competitive & noncompetitive inhibitors of FXIa	FXI mRNA
Selectivity	Significant selectivity has been achieved by all classes
Pharmacokinetics
Route of administration	Oral and/or parenteral	Parenteral
Onset of action	Fast				Delayed
Duration	Relatively short (hours), but can be extended using specific formulation or drug delivery system		Relatively long (days or months)
Clearance	More likely to be dependent on renal and/or hepatic systems	Less likely to be dependent on renal and/or hepatic systems
Clinical trials	EP-7041 and BMS-986177 (Phase I)	None	MAA868, BAY1213790, and AB023 (Phase I)	None	ISIS 416858 (Phase II in postoperative VTE prevention)