Table 2. Group Comparison according to Sample Characteristics, Autism Specific, Language Profile, and Emotional-Behavioral Problems.
| Severe RRB (n=51) | Mild RRB (n=62) | χ2/p value | Severe SCI (n=72) | Mild SCI (n=41) | χ2/p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (months), n=113 | n=51 | n=62 | n=72 | n=41 | ||
| 74.29 (23.07) | 69.84 (21.75) | 0.294 | 72.54 (20.49) | 70.63 (22.55) | 0.665 | |
| Sex, n=113 | n=51 | n=62 | n=72 | n=41 | 0.063/0.082 | |
| Female/male | 6/45 | 12/50 | 1.204/0.273 | 11/61 | 7/34 | |
| Intelligence, n=100 | n=46 | n=54 | n=65 | n=35 | ||
| 67.65 (18.83) | 63.90 (17.80) | 0.310 | 63.18 (17.58) | 70.17 (18.95) | 0.068 | |
| Medication, n=113 | n=51 | n=62 | n=72 | n=41 | ||
| Antipsychotics (%) | 19 (37.3) | 23 (37.1) | 0.001/0.986 | 34 (47.2) | 8 (19.5) | 8.59/0.003 |
| Parental age at birth, n=111 | n=51 | n=60 | n=70 | n=41 | ||
| Paternal age at birth | 33.88 (4.68) | 34.55 (4.58) | 0.450 | 34.77 (4.57) | 33.34 (4.62) | 0.116 |
| Maternal age at birth | 30.84 (3.60) | 32.42 (3.60) | 0.024 | 31.91 (3.58) | 31.32 (3.83) | 0.410 |
| Onset, n=105 | n=48 | n=57 | n=68 | n=37 | ||
| Symptom recognition point (months) | 34.44 (20.83) | 31.23 (15.10) | 0.363 | 31.78 (15.02) | 31.32 (3.83) | 0.481 |
| Autistic specific symptom | ||||||
| SRS, n=83 | n=35 | n=48 | n=57 | n=26 | ||
| Total score | 92.78 (31.54) | 81.46 (24.47) | 0.068 | 94.36 (27.08) | 67.82 (21.03) | <0.001 |
| Social awareness | 11.94 (4.85) | 11.14 (3.89) | 0.409 | 12.49 (4.39) | 9.18 (3.12) | 0.001 |
| Social cognition | 17.03 (6.78) | 15.85 (5.55) | 0.389 | 18.02 (5.95) | 12.64 (4.64) | <0.001 |
| Social communication | 32.17 (11.32) | 30.19 (9.98) | 0.401 | 33.96 (9.76) | 24.64 (9.13) | <0.001 |
| Social motivation | 14.49 (6.29) | 12.90 (4.90) | 0.199 | 15.02 (5.48) | 10.14 (4.25) | <0.001 |
| Autistic mannerisms | 16.40 (6.85) | 11.17 (4.99) | <0.001 | 14.53 (6.54) | 10.68 (5.11) | 0.008 |
| Language ability (age equivalent/chronological age) | ||||||
| SELSI, n=44 | n=14 | n=30 | n=28 | n=16 | ||
| Receptive | 0.532 (0.156) | 0.470 (0.221) | 0.350 | 0.407 (0.157) | 0.635 (0.196) | <0.001 |
| Expressive | 0.500 (0.149) | 0.406 (0.185) | 0.109 | 0.363 (0.147) | 0.586 (0.138) | <0.001 |
| PRES, n=53 | n=28 | n=25 | n=26 | n=27 | ||
| Receptive | 0.729 (0.202) | 0.719 (0.189) | 0.862 | 0.676 (0.186) | 0.770 (0.193) | 0.086 |
| Expressive | 0.676 (0.207) | 0.663 (0.710) | 0.811 | 0.636 (0.193) | 0.703 (0.183) | 0.196 |
| REVT, n=50 | n=24 | n=26 | n=27 | n=23 | ||
| Receptive | 0.846 (0.211) | 0.804 (0.248) | 0.525 | 0.804 (0.225) | 0.847 (0.237) | 0.515 |
| Expressive | 0.819 (0.291) | 0.824 (0.255) | 0.936 | 0.802 (0.253) | 0.845 (0.271) | 0.561 |
| Emotional-behavioral problem | ||||||
| K-CBCL T score, n=96 | n=41 | n=55 | n=63 | n=33 | ||
| Total problem score | 68.46 (13.24) | 61.98 (9.68) | 0.010 | 66.68 (11.86) | 61.06 (10.69) | 0.025 |
| Internalizing broad band score | 62.76 (12.62) | 58.02 (10.01) | 0.043 | 62.32 (11.71) | 55.69 (9.45) | 0.006 |
| Externalizing broad band score | 64.83 (12.45) | 60.89 (11.07) | 0.105 | 63.25 (12.10) | 61.27 (11.22) | 0.437 |
| Attention problems | 69.32 (11.03) | 65.09 (7.95) | 0.032 | 68.24 (10.08) | 64.33 (8.04) | 0.057 |
| Aggressive behavior | 64.24 (10.70) | 59.20 (9.25) | 0.015 | 61.78 (10.39) | 60.55 (9.80) | 0.575 |
| Anxious/depressed | 60.54 (9.92) | 56.33 (7.89) | 0.028 | 59.41 (9.34) | 55.67 (7.91) | 0.053 |
| Somatic complaints | 56.36 (6.97) | 53.62 (5.48) | 0.040 | 55.21 (6.37) | 54.00 (6.11) | 0.374 |
| Withdrawn | 65.49 (10.98) | 65.02 (8.91) | 0.818 | 67.75 (10.32) | 60.39 (6.48) | <0.001 |
| K-CBCL (1.5–5 yr), n=53 | n=21 | n=32 | n=33 | n=20 | ||
| Emotionally reactivity | 60.14 (7.97) | 55.34 (6.12) | 0.017 | 58.58 (7.32) | 55.05 (6.70) | 0.086 |
| Sleep problems | 58.57 (10.32) | 56.81 (7.71) | 0.481 | 58.15 (9.49) | 56.45 (7.61) | 0.500 |
| K-CBCL (6–18 yr), n=43 | n=20 | n=23 | n=30 | n=13 | ||
| Social problems | 70.75 (10.27) | 67.83 (7.30) | 0.283 | 70.73 (8.13) | 65.62 (9.63) | 0.080 |
| Thought problems | 67.50 (9.69) | 60.57 (8.77) | 0.018 | 64.33 (10.36) | 62.54 (8.41) | 0.585 |
| Rule-breaking behavior | 60.45 (8.83) | 60.09 (5.89) | 0.877 | 60.80 (7.92) | 59.00 (5.76) | 0.465 |
RRB, restricted and repetitive behaviors; SCI, social communication impairments; SRS, Social Responsiveness Scale; SELSI, Sequenced Language Scale for Infants; PRES, preschool receptive-expressive language scale; REVT, Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test; K-CBCL, Korean Child Behavior Checklist.
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation).