Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the training seta.
| TRAINING SET | 1: CN | 2: SMD | 3: MCI | 4: AD | p value 1–2; 1–3; 1–4 | p value 2–3; 2–4; 3–4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric data | ||||||
| No | 28 | 20 | 21 | 21 | – | – |
| Age (mean ± SD; y) | 63.5 ± 5.3 | 65.1 ± 7.7 | 68.2 ± 7.1 | 79.1 ± 6.4 | 0.39; 0.01; < 0.001 | 0.18; < 0.001; < 0.001 |
| Sex (F; %/M; %) | 14; 50.0/14; 50.0 | 14; 70.0/6; 30.0 | 16; 76.2/5; 23.8 | 15; 71.4/6; 28.6 | 0.63; 0.48; 0.48 | 0.8; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Education level (mean ± SD; y) | 13.1 ± 3.0 | 11.9 ± 3.6 | 9.5 ± 5.3 | 9.4 ± 6.1 | 0.21; 0.004; 0.007 | 0.12; 0.11; 0.6 |
| BMI (mean ± SD; kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 3.9 | 26.9 ± 5.1 | 27.7 ± 3.0 | 23.1 ± 4.1 | 0.28; 0.56; < 0.001 | 0.5; 0.01; < 0.001 |
| MMSE (mean ± SD; score) | 29.0 ± 1.8 | 29.2 ± 1.7 | 25.5 ± 3.7 | 15.2 ± 6.8 | 0.69; < 0.001; < 0.001 | < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001 |
| Familial AD (n; %) | 3; 10.7 | 3; 15.0 | 2; 9.5 | 2; 9.5 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Familial Dementia (n; %) | 2; 7.1 | 4; 20.0 | 6; 28.6 | 5; 23.8 | 0,38; 0.13; 0.2 | 0.73; > 0.99; 0.8 |
| Familial Neurodegenerative Diseases (n; %) | 2; 7.1 | 4; 20.0 | 3; 14.3 | 5; 23.8 | 0.38; 0.53; 0.2 | 0.7; > 0.99; 0.7 |
| Smokeb (n; %) | 11; 39.3 | 8; 40.0 | 8; 38.1 | 4; 19.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.36 | > 0.99; 0.4; 0.39 |
| Dyslipidemia (n; %) | 10; 35.7 | 7; 35.0 | 7; 33.3 | 5; 23.8 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.5 | > 0.99; 0.5; 0.52 |
| Diabetes (n; %) | 6; 21.4 | 3; 15.0 | 3; 14.3 | 2; 9.5 | 0.72; 0.72; 0.45 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Hypertension (n; %) | 10; 35.7 | 10; 50.0 | 10; 47.6 | 5; 23.8 | 0.59; 0.57; 0.56 | > 0.99; 0.36; 0.36 |
| Arrhythmia (n; %) | 4; 14.3 | 5; 20.0 | 2; 9.5 | 0; 0.0 | 0.48; > 0.99; 0.14 | 0.41; 0.053; 0.48 |
| AED (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 4.8 | 4; 19.0 | > 0.99; 0.44; 0.04 | > 0.99; 0.11; 0.35 |
| Myocardial Infarction (n; %) | 1; 3.6 | 1; 5.0 | 2; 9.5 | 1; 4.8 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Heart Failurec (n; %) | 2; 7.1 | 1; 5.0 | 2; 9.5 | 1; 4.8 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| TIA/Stroke (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 2; 9.5 | 1; 4.8 | > 0.99; 0.44; 0.19 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseased (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 1; 5.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 4.8 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Prior Tumors (n; %) | 4; 14.3 | 3; 15.0 | 2; 9.5 | 3; 14.3 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 4.8 | 0; 0.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Alcool > 4 unit/day (n; %) | 1; 3.6 | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Carotid Atheroma or Aneurysms (n; %) | 3; 10.7 | 2; 10.0 | 2; 9.5 | 4; 19.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Venous Insufficiency (n; %) | 3; 10.7 | 3; 15.0 | 1; 4.8 | 3; 14.3 | > 0.99; 0.63; > 0.99 | 0.6; > 0.99; 0.6 |
| Asthma, COPD, O2 Therapy (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 2; 10.0 | 1; 4.8 | 2; 9.5 | 0.18; 0.44; 0.19 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Dysthyroidism (n; %) | 9; 32.1 | 5; 25.0 | 3; 14.3 | 1; 4.8 | 0.76; 0.33; 0.07 | 0.7; 0.19; 0.60 |
| Cirrhosis, Steatosis, Biliary Lithiasis (n; %) | 3; 10.7 | 3; 15.0 | 1; 4.8 | 2; 9.5 | > 0.99; 0.63; > 0.99 | 0.6; > 0.99 > 0.99 |
| Previous Surgery (n; %) | 10; 35.7 | 10; 50.0 | 4; 19.0 | 3; 14.3 | 0.59; 0.37; 0.33 | 0.21; 0.11; > 0.99 |
| Pharmacological Treatment | ||||||
| Antihypertensive (n; %) | 10; 35.7 | 9; 45.0 | 10; 47.6 | 5; 23.8 | 0.78; 0.60; 0.56 | > 0.99; 0.36; 0.37 |
| Lipid-lowering (n; %) | 6; 21.4 | 5; 25.0 | 6; 28.6 | 2; 9.5 | > 0.99; 0.75; 0.45 | > 0.99; 0.41; 0.36 |
| Hypoglycemic (n; %) | 3; 10.7 | 2; 10.0 | 2; 9.5 | 1; 4.8 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.63 | > 0.99; 0.5; 0.5 |
| Antiplatelet (n; %) | 4; 15.7 | 3; 15.0 | 2; 9.5 | 5; 23.8 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.71 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.42 |
| Thyroid Hormones (n; %) | 6; 21.4 | 4; 20.0 | 2; 9.5 | 1; 4.8 | 0.99; 0.45; 0.22 | 0.66; 0.34; > 0.99 |
| Antianxiety (n; %) | 2; 7.1 | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 4; 19.0 | 0.78; 0.75; 0.39 | > 0.99; 0.17; 0.17 |
| Antidepressant (n; %) | 2; 7.1 | 2; 7.1 | 2; 9.5 | 7; 33.3 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.07 | 0.97; 0.26; 0.3 |
| Neurotrophic (n; %) | 1; 3.6 | 1; 5.0 | 1; 4.8 | 4; 19.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.17 | > 0.99; 0.3; 0.3 |
| I-AChE (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 4.8 | 2; 9.5 | > 0.99; 0.44; 0.19 | 0.4; 0.7; > 0.99 |
Bold values are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
aCN, cognitively normal; SMD, subjective memory decline; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; BMI, Body mass index; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; AED, antiepileptic drugs; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack; I-AChE, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.
bCurrent or former smokers.
cSubjects in NYHA (New York Heart Association) classes I–II.
dSubjects with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 30 ml/min/1.73 m2.