Table 2.
Characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the test seta.
| TEST SET | 1: CN | 2: SMD | 3: MCI | 4: AD | p value 1–2; 1–3; 1–4 | p value 2–3; 2–4; 3–4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric data | ||||||
| No | 23 | 20 | 19 | 19 | - | - |
| Age (mean ± SD; y) | 62.8 ± 6.4 | 64.2 ± 7.3 | 68.3 ± 5.4 | 77.5 ± 7.4 | 0.5; 0.005; < 0.001 | 0.06; < 0.001; < 0.001 |
| Sex (F; %/M; %) | 11; 47.8/12; 52.2 | 12; 60.0/8; 40.0 | 10; 52.6/9; 47.4 | 12; 63.2/7; 36.8 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Education level (mean ± SD; y) | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 12.0 ± 2.8 | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 9.0 ± 4.8 | 0.28; 0.001; 0.001 | < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001 |
| BMI (mean ± SD; kg/m2) | 28.8 ± 3. | 27.0 ± 3.2 | 26.9 ± 3.9 | 24.4 ± 4.4 | 0.08; 0.09; 0.007 | 0.9; 0.04; 0.07 |
| MMSE (mean ± SD; score) | 29.4 ± 2.7 | 29.2 ± 1.8 | 24.9 ± 5.5 | 15.4 ± 7.1 | 0.78; 0.001; < 0.001 | < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001 |
| Familial AD (n; %) | 2; 8.7 | 2; 10.0 | 2; 10.5 | 2; 10.5 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Familial Dementia (n; %) | 1; 4.3 | 3; 15.0 | 4; 21.0 | 3; 15.8 | 0.34;0.18; 0.33 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Familial Neurodegenerative Diseases (n; %) | 1; 4.3 | 3; 15.0 | 2; 10.5 | 3; 15.8 | 0.34; 0.68; 0.33 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Smokeb (n; %) | 8; 34.8 | 8; 40.0 | 5; 26.3 | 2; 10.5 | 0.9; 0.75; 0.52 | 0.74; 0.15; 0.42 |
| Dyslipidemia (n; %) | 8; 34.8 | 6; 30.0 | 5; 26.3 | 4; 21.0 | > 0.99; 0.75; 0.52 | > 0.99; 0.73; > 0.99 |
| Diabetes (n; %) | 4; 17.4 | 2; 10.0 | 2; 10.5 | 2; 10.5 | 0.67; 0.66; 0.67 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Hypertension (n; %) | 8; 34.8 | 7; 35.0 | 8; 42.1 | 4; 21.0 | > 0.99; 0.99; 0.52 | > 0.99; 0.51; 0.42 |
| Arrhythmia (n; %) | 2; 8.7 | 5; 25.0 | 2; 10.5 | 0; 0.0 | 0.41; > 0.99; 0.5 | 0.4; 0.06; 0.48 |
| AED (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 4; 21.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.1 | > 0.99; 0.3; 0.2 |
| Myocardial Infarction (n; %) | 1; 4.3 | 1; 5.0 | 1; 5.3 | 1; 5.3 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Heart Failurec (n; %) | 1; 4.3 | 1; 5.0 | 1; 5.3 | 1; 5.3 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| TIA/Stroke (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 1; 5.0 | 2; 10.5 | 0; 0.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseased (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 1; 5.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 5.3 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Prior Tumors (n; %) | 3; 13.0 | 3; 15.0 | 1; 5.3 | 2; 10.5 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 5.3 | 0; 0.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Alcool > 4 unit/day (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Carotid Atheroma or Aneurysms (n; %) | 2; 8.7 | 1; 5.0 | 1; 5.3 | 2; 10.5 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Venous Insufficiency (n; %) | 2; 8.7 | 2; 10.0 | 0; 0.0 | 2; 10.5 | > 0.99; 0.49; > 0.99 | > 0.99; 0.49; 0.5 |
| Asthma, COPD, O2 herapy (n; %) | 1; 4.3 | 1; 5.0 | 1; 5.3 | 1; 5.3 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Dysthyroidism (n; %) | 8; 34.8 | 4; 20.0 | 2; 10.5 | 1; 5.3 | 0.51; 0.17; 0.07 | 0.50; 0.30; 0.80 |
| Cirrhosis, Steatosis, Biliary Lithiasis (n; %) | 3; 13.0 | 2; 10.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 5.3 | > 0.99; 0.25; 0.33 | 0.49; > 0.99; > 0.99 |
| Previous Surgery (n; %) | 11; 47.8 | 8; 40.0 | 3; 15.8 | 3; 15.8 | 0.78; 0.2; 0.2 | 0.3; 0.3; > 0.99 |
| Pharmacological Treatment | ||||||
| Antihypertensive (n; %) | 9; 39.1 | 9; 45.0 | 8; 42.1 | 6; 31.6 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.77 | 0.76; 0.76; 0.75 |
| Lipid-lowering (n; %) | 6; 26.1 | 5; 25.0 | 5; 26.3 | 2; 10.5 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.44 | 0.99; 0.42; 0.42 |
| Hypoglycemic (n; %) | 3; 13.0 | 2; 10.0 | 1; 5.3 | 1; 5.3 | > 0.99; 0.44; 0.44 | 0.51; 0.51; > 0.99 |
| Antiplatelet (n; %) | 4; 17.4 | 3; 15.0 | 1; 5.3 | 4; 21.0 | > 0.99; 0.37; > 0.99 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.35 |
| Thyroid Hormones (n; %) | 5; 21.7 | 4; 20.0 | 1; 5.3 | 0; 0.0 | > 0.99; 0.37; 0.07 | 0.11; 0.1; > 0.99 |
| Antianxiety (n; %) | 1; 4.3 | 1; 5.0 | 2; 10.5 | 4; 21.0 | 0.36; 0.68; > 0.99 | > 0.99; 0.34; 0.66 |
| Antidepressant (n; %) | 2; 8.7 | 1; 5.0 | 2; 10.5 | 6; 31.6 | > 0.99; > 0.99; 0.24 | > 0.99; 0.1; 0.25 |
| Neurotrophic (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 1; 5.3 | 3; 15.8 | > 0.99; 0.46; 0.1 | > 0.99; 0.23; 0.6 |
| I-AChE (n; %) | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 0; 0.0 | 2; 10.5 | > 0.99; 0.8; 0.7 | > 0.99; 0.48; 0.4 |
Bold values are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
aCN, cognitively normal; SMD, subjective memory decline; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; BMI, Body mass index; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; AED, antiepileptic drugs; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack; I-AChE, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.
bCurrent or former smokers.
cSubjects in NYHA (New York Heart Association) classes I–II.
dSubjects with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 30 ml/min/1.73 m2.