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. 2020 Sep 24;10:15584. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72298-8

Table 2.

Self-reported maternal smoking, smoking cessation and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) according to educational level, working status and neighborhood deprivation.

Total Educational level p value Working status p value Neighborhood deprivation p value
0–9 years 10–12 years  ≥ 13 years Housewives/unemployed Students Employed Least deprived Medium deprived Most deprived
Manual Non-manual
Smoking
Smoking initiation*
Age (years) 16.5 ± 3.5 15.8 ± 3.4 16.3 ± 3.3 17.8 ± 3.7  < 0.001 15.5 ± 3.6 15.0 ± 1.8 16.6 ± 3.3 17.3 ± 3.6  < 0.001 16.8 ± 3.7 16.4 ± 3.5 16.4 ± 3.5 0.768
Smoking status before pregnancy
Never smokers 366 (59.1%) 72 (19.7%) 121 (33.0%) 173 (47.3%)  < 0.001 60 (16.4%) 8 (2.2%) 119 (32.5%) 179 (48.9%)  < 0.001 122 (35.2%) 118 (34.0%) 107 (30.8%) 0.550
Former smokers 82 (13.3%) 19 (23.2%) 28 (34.1%) 35 (42.7%) 14 (17.1%) 1 (1.2%) 26 (31.7%) 41 (50.0%) 21 (27.2%) 26 (33.8%) 30 (39.0%)
Current smokers 171 (27.6%) 68 (39.8%) 70 (40.9%) 33 (19.3%) 54 (31.6%) 3 (1.7%) 66 (38.6%) 48 (28.1%) 55 (32.2%) 55 (32.2%) 61 (35.6%)
Smoking status at birth
Never smokers 366 (59.1%) 72 (19.7%) 121 (33.1%) 173 (47.2%)  < 0.001 60 (16.4%) 8 (2.2%) 119 (32.5%) 179 (48.9%)  < 0.001 122 (35.2%) 118 (34.0%) 107 (30.8%) 0.638
Former smokers 163 (26.3%) 42 (25.8%) 64 (39.3%) 57 (34.9%) 34 (20.9%) 2 (1.2%) 56 (34.4%) 71 (43.5%) 48 (30.4%) 51 (32.3%) 59 (37.3%)
Current smokers 90 (14.6%) 45 (50.0%) 34 (37.8%) 11 (12.2%) 34 (37.8%) 2 (2.2%) 36 (40.0%) 18 (20.0%) 28 (31.1%) 30 (33.3%) 32 (35.6%)
Cessation rate**
No cessation 90 (52.3%) 45 (50.0%) 34 (37.8%) 11 (12.2%) 0.012# 34 (37.8%) 2 (2.2%) 36 (40.0%) 18 (20.0%) 0.257# 28 (31.1%) 30 (33.3%) 32 (35.6%) 0.144#
Before pregnancy 7 (4.1%) 2 (28.6%) 2 (28.6%) 3 (42.8%) 1 (14.3%) 0 2 (28.6%) 4 (57.1%) 1 (14.2%) 3 (42.9%) 3 (42.9%)
1st trimester 59 (34.3%) 15 (25.4%) 26 (44.1%) 18 (30.5%) 13 (22.0%) 1 (1.7%) 22 (37.3%) 23 (39.0%) 23 (39.0%) 15 (25.4%) 21 (35.6%)
2nd trimester 8 (4.6%) 5 (62.5%) 3 (37.5%) 0 4 (50.0%) 0 3 (37.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 4 (50.0%) 4 (50.0%)
3rd trimester 3 (1.7%) 1 (33.3%) 2 (66.7%) 0 1 (33.3%) 0 2 (66.7%) 0 1 (33.3%) 2 (66.7%) 0
Exposure to ETS***
Before pregnancy
No 191 (42.6%) 32 (16.8%) 53 (27.7%) 106 (55.5%) 0.004 27 (14.1%) 4 (2.1%) 54 (28.3%) 106 (55.5%) 0.130 62 (34.1%) 66 (36.2%) 54 (29.7%) 0.550
Yes 257 (57.4%) 59 (23.0%) 96 (37.3%) 102 (39.7%) 47 (18.3%) 5 (1.9%) 91 (35.4%) 114 (44.4%) 81 (33.5%) 78 (32.2%) 83 (34.3%)
1st trimester
No 222 (48.8%) 37 (16.7%) 60 (27.0%) 125 (56.3%)  < 0.001 30 (13.5%) 4 (1.8%) 64 (28.8%) 124 (55.9%) 0.049 68 (32.4%) 80 (38.1%) 62 (29.5%) 0.208
Yes 233 (51.2%) 56 (24.0%) 91 (39.1%) 86 (36.9%) 45 (19.3%) 5 (2.2%) 83 (35.6%) 100 (42.9%) 76 (34.4%) 67 (30.3%) 78 (35.3%)
2nd trimester
No 250 (48.6%) 41 (16.4%) 74 (29.6%) 135 (54.0%)  < 0.001 36 (14.4%) 5 (2.0%) 73 (29.2%) 136 (54.4%) 0.042 81 (34.2%) 87 (36.7%) 69 (29.1%) 0.149
Yes 264 (51.4%) 67 (25.4%) 103 (39.0%) 95 (35.6%) 52 (19.7%) 5 (1.9%) 96 (36.4%) 111 (52.0%) 86 (34.0%) 75 (29.6%) 92 (36.4%)
3rd trimester
No 262 (50.2%) 44 (16.8%) 77 (29.4%) 141 (53.8%)  < 0.001 41 (15.7%) 5 (1,9%) 74 (28.2%) 142 (54.2%) 0.022 86 (34.7%) 92 (37.1%) 70 (28.2%) 0.053
Yes 260 (49.8%) 69 (26.5%) 103 (39.6%) 88 (33.9%) 51 (19.6%) 5 (1.9%) 98 (37.7%) 106 (40.8%) 81 (32.4%) 74 (29.6%) 95 (38.0%)

Row percentages are presented in all cases, except for total, that indicates column percentages.

*Mean ± SD; **4 missing values; ***ETS exposure was calculated considering non-smokers and former smokers at each time point.

#Likelihood ratio test instead of chi-square test.