Table 1.
Demographic and disease characteristics of patients.
| All patientsa (n = 665) | Urea-to-creatinine ratio | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 61 (n = 221) | 61–84 (n = 223) | > 84 (n = 221) | ||
| Age (years) | 63 (62–65) | 56 (54–60) A | 63 (61–65) B | 66 (64–69) C |
| Sex (male) | 386 (58%) | 130 (59%) | 135 (61%) | 119 (54%) |
| Co-morbidity | ||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 135 (20%) | 39 (18%) | 48 (22%) | 46 (21%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 92 (14%) | 40 (18%) | 26 (11%) | 26 (12%) |
| Kidney transplantation | 93 (14%) | 37 (17%) | 29 (13%) | 27 (12%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 146 (22%) | 47 (21%) | 41 (18%) | 58 (26%) |
| Active cancer | 212 (32%) | 71 (32%) | 67 (30%) | 73 (33%) |
| Use of ACEi/ARB or diuretics | ||||
| Use of ACEi/ARB | 157 (24%) | 36 (17%) A | 58 (26%) B | 63 (28%) B |
| Use of potassium-sparing diuretics | 43 (6%) | 8 (4%) A | 13 (6%) A,B | 22 (10%) B |
| Use of thiazide diuretics | 48 (7%) | 9 (4%) | 20 (9%) | 19 (9%) |
| Use of loop diuretics | 95 (14%) | 20 (9%) A | 28 (13%) A | 47 (21%) B |
| Use of NSAID | 32 (5%) | 11 (5%) | 12 (5%) | 9 (4%) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129 (125–130) | 129 (125–131) | 131 (126–132)A | 126 (120–130)B |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 (75–77) | 77 (75–79) | 78 (74–80) | 75 (72–77) |
| SIRS score ≥ 2 | 476 (72%) | 164 (74%) | 156 (70%) | 156 (71%) |
| SIRS criteria | ||||
| Temperature < 36 °C | 16 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 9 (4%) |
| Temperature > 38 °C | 173 (26%) | 52 (24%) | 63 (28%) | 58 (26%) |
| Heart frequency > 90 bpm | 361 (54%) | 121 (55%) | 125 (56%) | 115 (52%) |
| Respiratory frequency > 20/min | 226 (34%) | 62 (28%) | 78 (35%) | 86 (39%) |
| PaCO2 ≥ 4.3 kPa | 150 (23%) | 50 (23%) | 44 (20%) | 56 (25%) |
| Leukocytes < 4.0 × 109/L | 76 (11%) | 33 (15%) | 22 (10%) | 21 (10%) |
| Leukocytes > 12.0 × 109/L | 212 (32%) | 70 (32%) | 79 (35%) | 63 (29%) |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.7) | 1.2 (1.1–1.5) | 1.4 (1.3–1.8) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 67 (60–78) | 62 (54–84) | 66 (54–78) | 79 (64–95) |
| Infection focus | ||||
| Respiratory tract | 206 (31%) | 62 (28%) | 78 (35%) | 66 (30%) |
| Urogenital | 129 (19%) | 49 (22%) | 34 (15%) | 46 (21%) |
| Soft tissue or joints | 69 (10%) | 16 (7%) | 27 (12%) | 26 (12%) |
| Abdominal | 112 (17%) | 39 (18%) | 43 (19%) | 30 (14%) |
| Central nervous system | 9 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 4 (2%) |
| Catheter-related | 5 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) |
| Other/unknown | 137 (21%) | 50 (23%) | 39 (17%) | 48 (22%) |
| Septic shock | 14 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 6 (3%) | 5 (2%) |
| Admitted to ICU | 21 (3%) | 8 (4%) | 6 (3%) | 5 (2%) |
| Deceased during follow-up | 123 (18%) | 26 (12%) A | 27 (12%) A | 70 (32%) B |
| Follow-up duration (days) | 686 (664–713) | 729 (687–760) A | 700 (662–741) A | 605 (536–672) B |
| Acute kidney injury | ||||
| No AKI | 535 (81%) | 177 (80%) | 185 (83%) | 174 (79%) |
| Recovered at discharge | 93 (14%) | 34 (15%) | 28 (13%) | 31 (14%) |
| Not recovered at discharge | 37 (6%) | 10 (5%) | 10 (5%) | 17 (8%) |
ACEi ACE-inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, CRP C-reactive protein, ICU intensive care unit, AKI acute kidney injury.
aData are presented as n (%) for categorical variables or median (95% CI) for continuous variables. Different letters in superscript represent significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).