| SARS-CoV-2 |
Bevacizumab, Chloroquine phosphate, Methylprednisolone, Fingolimod, Favipiravir, Lopinavir and ritonavir, Remdesivir, mRNA-1273*, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19*
|
Bevacizumab: inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is higher in COVID-19 patients than in healthy controls; VEGF is the most potent vascular permeability inducer that induces hypoxia and severe inflammation Chloroquine: increasing endosomal pH, which is required for virus fusion; interfering with the glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS-CoV; suppressing the production or release of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 Glucocorticoids: suppressing “cytokine storms” Fingolimod: preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome development Favipiravir: based on the results of two trials conducted in Wuhan and Shenzhen, China recommended this drug as a treatment approach for COVID-19 Lopinavir/ritonavir: reducing viral replications in patients infected with SARS and MERS; ritonavir reduces the first pass metabolism of lopinavir to increase its bioavailability Remdesivir: antiviral drug against a wide array of RNA viruses that works by combining with the nascent viral RNA chains to result in premature termination, reducing virus infections (82, 117–122) |
| SARS-CoV |
Ribavirin, Methylprednisolone, Interferons, Lopinavir and ribavirin, Pentaglobin*
|
Ribavirin: preventing replication of RNA and DNA viruses Methylprednisolone: using interferons plus corticosteroids to reduce disease-associated impaired oxygen saturation, radiographic lung abnormalities, and creatine kinase levels (controversial arguments about using corticosteroids in SARS) Interferons: reducing viral replication Lopinavir and ribavirin: blocking the final step of virion assembly; reducing the peak viral load and the associated immunopathological damage (123) |
| MERS-CoV |
Ribavirin and interferon-α2a, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Convalescent plasma*
|
Ribavirin: combining interferon-α2b to reduce MERS-CoV replication Lopinavir/ritonavir: improving the outcomes of MERS-CoV infection; improving pulmonary function but not reducing virus replication or severe lung pathology (124) |
| Influenza A virus (drugs recommended by CDC to treat flu in the 2019–2020 season) |
Oseltamivir phosphate, Zanamivir, Peramivir, Baloxavir marboxil, flu vaccines (such as flu shots, nasal spray flu vaccine, quadrivalent influenza) |
Oseltamivir: blocking neuraminidases on the surfaces of influenza viruses; interfering with host cell release of complete viral particles Zanamivir: inhibiting influenza A and B virus neuraminidases; preventing the release of progeny viruses from host cell surfaces; inhibiting viral replication Peramivir: inhibiting influenza virus neuraminidases Baloxavir marboxil: inhibiting polymerase acidic endonuclease, an enzyme essential for viral replication; being a prodrug converted by the hydrolysis of baloxavir Flu vaccines: including flu shots, nasal spray flu vaccine (FluMist Quadrivalent), quadrivalent influenza vaccine, flu vaccination by jet injector, Fluzone high-dose seasonal influenza vaccine, flu vaccine with adjuvant (FLUAD), cell-based flu vaccines (Flucelvax Quadrivalent), recombinant influenza vaccine, and intradermal influenza vaccination (125, 126). |
