Table 2.
Number of drug-related problems and causes of all medicines and antibiotics during pharmacy intervention.
| Description | All medicines | Antibiotics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Problem | N | Proportion, % | N | Proportion, % |
| P1 Treatment effectiveness | 146 | 34.2 | 107 | 42.1 |
| P1.1 No effect of drug treatment | 14 | 3.3 | 12 | 4.7 |
| P1.2 Effect of drug treatment not optimal |
109 | 25.5 | 87 | 34.3 |
| P1.3 Untreated symptoms or indication |
23 | 5.4 | 8 | 3.1 |
| P2 Treatment safety | 133 | 31.1 | 57 | 22.4 |
| P2.1 Adverse drug event (possibly) occurring |
133 | 31.1 | 57 | 22.4 |
| P3 Other | 148 | 34.7 | 90 | 35.4 |
| P3.1 Problem with cost-effectiveness of the treatment |
3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
| P3.2 Unnecessary drug-treatment | 89 | 20.8 | 46 | 18.1 |
| P3.3 Needs additional TDM | 49 | 11.5 | 38 | 15.0 |
| P3.4 Antibiotics De-escalation | 7 | 1.6 | 6 | 2.4 |
| Total | 427 | 100.0 | 254 | 100.0 |
| Cause | N | Proportion, % | N | Proportion, % |
| C1 Drug selection | 198 | 41.3 | 96 | 33.6 |
| C1.1 Inappropriate drug according to guidelines/formulary |
45 | 9.4 | 36 | 12.6 |
| C1.2 Inappropriate drug (within guidelines but otherwise contraindicated) |
42 | 8.8 | 14 | 4.9 |
| C1.3 No indication for drug | 25 | 5.2 | 9 | 3.1 |
| C1.4 Inappropriate combination of drugs, or drugs and herbal medications, or drugs and dietary supplements |
13 | 2.7 | 1 | 0.3 |
| C1.5 Inappropriate duplication of therapeutic group or active ingredient |
12 | 2.5 | 8 | 2.8 |
| C1.6 No or incomplete drug treatment in spite of existing indication |
42 | 8.8 | 16 | 5.6 |
| C1.7 Too many drugs prescribed for indication |
5 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.0 |
| C1.8 Necessary genetic testing before drug initiation |
14 | 2.9 | 9 | 3.1 |
| C2 Drug form | 7 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| C2.1 Inappropriate drug form (for this patient) |
7 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| C3 Dose selection | 139 | 29.0 | 106 | 37.1 |
| C3.1 Drug dose too low | 40 | 8.4 | 33 | 11.5 |
| C3.2 Drug dose too high | 64 | 13.4 | 42 | 14.7 |
| C3.3 Dosage regimen not frequent enough |
33 | 6.9 | 30 | 10.5 |
| C3.4 Dosage regimen too frequent | 2 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.3 |
| C4 Treatment duration | 65 | 13.6 | 33 | 11.5 |
| C4.2 Duration of treatment too long | 65 | 13.6 | 33 | 11.5 |
| C6 Drug use process | 4 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.3 |
| C6.1 Inappropriate timing of administration or dosing intervals | 4 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.3 |
| C8 Patient transfer related | 2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| C8.3 Discharge/transfer information about medication incomplete or missing |
2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| C9 Other | 64 | 13.4 | 50 | 17.5 |
| C9.1 No or inappropriate outcome monitoring (incl. TDM) |
64 | 13.4 | 50 | 17.5 |
| Total | 479 | 100.0 | 286 | 100.0 |
TDM, therapeutic drug monitoring.