Table A1.
Full list of CE identified by NPSfinder® (n=142).
| N | NPSfinder® name | Other names | IUPAC (isomerdesign) | EDND (April 2019) | UNODC EWA NPS (July 2019) | Unique to NPSfinder® database | NPSfinder® Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 123I-Ioflupane | Datscan; Ioflupane (FPCIT); [I-123] N-ω-fluoropropyl- 2β-carbomethoxy- 3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane | methyl (1R,2S,3S,5S)-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-(123I)iodanylphenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate | N | N | Y | Phenyltropane isotope used for as a solution to inject into living test subjects for neuroimaging in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease. |
| 2 | 2C-D | 2C-D, 2C-M; 2C-D; 2C-M; 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine; LE-25 | 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminoethane | Y | Y | N | 2C-D, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-D contains methoxy functional groups CH3O- attached to carbons R2 and R5 as well as a methyl group attached to carbon R4 of the phenyl ring. |
| 3 | 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate | 3,4-DCMP; 3,4-CTMP | 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate | Y | Y | N | A potent stimulant drug related to methylphenidate. 3,4-DCMP, the threo-diastereomer, is approximately seven times more potent than methylphenidate in animal studies, but has weaker reinforcing effects due to its slower onset of action. |
| 4 | 4 CTMP | dichloropane | Methyl (2S,3S)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate | N | N | Y | Dichloropane (also known as RTI-111 or O-401) is a novel stimulant substance of the tropane class. Stimulant of the Phenyltropane class that acts as a SNDRI. Yet being the Tropane analogue of 3,4-CTMP. |
| 5 | 4-fluoromethylphenidate | 4F-MPH; 4-FMPH; 4FTMP;4F-TMP | Methyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetate | Y | Y | N | 4-fluoromethylphenidate belongs to the piperidine chemical class and is the 4-fluoro derivative of the internationally controlled substance methylphenidate (Ritalin). It has been advertised online that 4-fluoromethylphenidate was developed as a replacement for ethylphenidate. Dosage indications and duration of effect have also been suggested online. |
| 6 | 4- Methylmethylphenidate | threo-4-Methylmethylphenidate; 4MeTMP | threo-4-Methylmethylphenidate | Y | Y | N | 4-methylmethylphenidate is a ring methylated derivative of the piperidine compound methylphenidate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the medicine Ritalin, which is used in the treatment of ADHD. 4-methylmethylphenidate has been researched as a potential cocaine antagonist by blocking the binding of cocaine to the dopamine transporter, when it was reported to be a slightly more potent inhibitor of dopamine uptake, compared to methylphenidate (126 nM vs. 224 nM). [Deutsch 1996] - 4-methylmethylphenidate is compound 1s in this paper, methylphenidate is compound 1a. |
| 7 | 5-HTP | 5-hydroxytryptophan; tryptophan; l-tryptophan; oxitriptan; Oxitriptan; Cincofarm; Levothym; Levotonine; Oxyfan; Telesol; Tript-OH; Triptum | 2-amino-3-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid | Y | Y | N | The precursor to serotonin. In some countries it is sold OTC as a supplement for mood stabilisation and insomnia. It is frequently used as a recovery supplement following the use of MDMA or any other drug that depletes serotonin. Do not mix this drug with anything serotonergic, as this can cause serotonin syndrome. |
| 8 | Acetildenafil | Hongdenafil | C25H34N6O3 | N | N | Y | An RC analogue of sildenafil (Sildenafil) often missold as a hidden ingredient in many ‘natural’ sexual potency blends and supplements. |
| 9 | Acetyl-L-carnitine | Tripsitter Party Supplement | (3R)-3-acetyloxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate | N | N | Y | |
| 10 | Adderall | Adderall XR, and Mydayis | N/A | N | N | Y | Adderall is a psychostimulant drug, it is composed of 4 different amphetamine salts containing Dextroamphetamine and Levoamphetamine. Its 4 different salts are: 1/4th Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, 1/4th Dextroamphetamine Sulfate, 1/4 Racemic Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate, and 1/4 Racemic Amphetamine Sulfate. |
| 11 | Adrafinil | Olmifon; CRL40028 | (+-)-2-Benzhydrylsulfinylethanehydroxamic acid | Y | Y | N | Adrafinil is very structurally similar to its close chemical cousin and bioactive metabolite, modafinil. The only structural difference is the that terminal amide hydroxyl group of adrafinil ((diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl-2 acetohydroxamic acid) is lacking in modafinil (diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl-2 acetamide). is a eugeroic that was formerly used in France to promote alertness, attention, wakefulness, mood, and other parameters, particularly in the elderly.[3][4] It was also used off-label by individuals who wished to avoid fatigue, such as night workers or others who needed to stay awake and alert for long periods of time. Additionally, “adrafinil is known to a larger nonscientific audience, where it is considered to be a nootropic agent. |
| 12 | Alpha GPC | choline alfoscerate; L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine; | [(2R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl] 2-trimethylazaniumylethyl phosphate | N | N | Y | Alpha-GPC is a naturally-occurring choline compound found endogenously (naturally) in the brain which is also made and used for oral consumption. Structurally, Alpha-GPC is comprised of a choline group bound to a glycerol molecule via a phosphate group. |
| 13 | Aminotadalafil | 385769-84-6 UNII-FY501QO030 FY501QO030 Amino-tadalafil RR-ATDF Tadalafil-Amino Tadalafil, Amino |
(2R,8R)-6-amino-2-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3,6,17-triazatetracyclo[8.7.0.03,8.011,16]heptadeca-1(10),11,13,15-tetraene-4,7-dione | N | N | N | An analogue of tadafinil, better known as Tadalafil (Sildenafil). Infamous for being missold in the ‘Alpha Male’ sexual enhancement supplement. |
| 14 | Aniracetam | methoxybenzoyl)-2-pyrrolidinon; 1-(p-methoxybenzoyl)-2-pyrrolidinone; P-METHOXYBENZOYL-2-PIRROLIDONE; AKOS005066313; Tox21_110086_1; AB04115; ACN-048215; API0001505; BCP9000303; CCG-204210; CS-1793; DB04599; KS-5313; LP00115; NSC-758223; Ro-135057; 2-Pyrrolidinone,1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-; IDI1_000403; | 1-[(4-Methoxybenzoyl)]-2-pyrrolidinone | N | N | Y | Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone compound of the racetam family, and has an additional anisoyl ring with a methoxy group at the lone para position. (replacing the amine group of piracetam) with an O-methoxy group on the furthest binding point. Its structure is dissimilar to that of oxiracetam (which is quite similar to piracetam) and pramiracetam (a fairly unique structure) Aniracetam is related structurally to nefiracetam. |
| 15 | Areca nut | Betel nut; Paans (the combination of Betel leaves, lime, & Areca catechu) | N/A | N | N | Y | The fruit of the Areca catechu palm tree, also known as the “Betel Nut”, contain the stimulant arecoline. Native to SE Asia, the nuts are ground and often combined with mineral lime and wrapped in the leaf of a Betel pepper plant, although they are sometimes consumed buccally (‘chewed’) alone. Notably, frequent use can stain teeth black and its daily use is associated with increased risk of mouth cancers. Variants of the betel and lime combination are extremely common in many Asian cultures and have a long history of human use. |
| 16 | Arecoline (transdermal patch) | Methyl 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate | Y | Y | N | Arecoline is an alkaloid natural product found in oil form in the areca nut, the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu). In some Asian countries, areca nut is chewed along with betel leaf to obtain a stimulating effect. | |
| 17 | Armodafinil | Nuvigil, Waklert, Artvigil, R-Modawake, Neoresotyl; (R)-Modafinil | 2-[(R)-benzhydrylsulfinyl]acetamide | N | N | Y | (R)-Modafinil, or Armodafinil, is a psychoactive molecule of the benzhydryl class. Benzhydryl compounds are comprised of two benzene rings attached to a single carbon molecule. Armodafinil is classified as a sulphinyl benzhydryl molecule, as it also contains a sulphinyl group, a sulfur molecule double-bonded to an oxygen molecule attached to the carbon of the benzhydryl group. |
| 18 | Atomoxetine | Strattera | (-)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)-propylamine; (R)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propan-1-amine | Y | N | N | Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved as a less stimulating treatment for ADHD in 2002 (U.S.). The precise mechanism by which it produces its therapeutic effects is unknown, but is thought to be related to its SNRI action. It appears to have minimal affinity for noradrenergic receptors or other neurotransmitter transporters or receptors. |
| 19 | B-HO-Hordenine | 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]phenol | N | N | Y | Hordenine (N,N-dimethyltyramine) is an alkaloid of the phenethylamine class that occurs naturally in a variety of plants, taking its name from one of the most common, barley (Hordeum species). Chemically, hordenine is the N-methyl derivative of N-methyltyramine, and the N,N-dimethyl derivative of the well-known biogenic amine tyramine, from which it is biosynthetically derived and with which it shares some pharmacological properties | |
| 20 | Bacopa monnieri | Omnimind; Paneuromix | N/A | N | N | Y | It stimulates your grey matter and kicks it up a notch, leaving you more time to enjoy the good things in life. |
| 21 | Benzyl cyanide | 2-Phenylacetonitrile; α-Tolunitrile; Benzylnitrile | 2-Phenylacetonitrile | N | N | Y | Benzyl cyanide is a useful precursor to numerous pharmaceuticals. Examples include: Anorectics (e.g. sibutramine) |
| 22 | Beta-asarone | Cis-Isoasarone; (Z)-Asarone; Cis-Asarone; cis-2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylprop-1-ene | 1,2,4-Trimethoxy-5-[(1Z)-prop-1-en-1-yl]benzene | N | N | Y | It is one of the two isomers of Asarone, a chemical compound of the phenylpropanoid class found in certain plants such as Acorus and Asarum. It is no clear if can be metabolized to trimethoxyamphetamine. |
| 23 | Caffeine | Caffeine, Vivarin, Cafcit, Alert; Caffeine; Vivarin; Cafcit; Alert;1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, methyltheobromine | 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione | N | N | Y | Caffeine is an alkaloid with a substituted xanthine core. Xanthine is a substituted purine comprised of two fused rings: a pyrimidine and an imidazole. Pryimidine is a six-membered ring with nitrogen constituents at R1 and R3; imidazole is a 5 membered ring with nitrogen substituents at R1 and R3. Xanthine contains oxygen groups double-bonded to R2 and R6. |
| 24 | Catechins | Green tea extract | (2S,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol | N | N | Y | Green tea (Camellia sinensis) plays an important role in the traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Immediately after harvesting the green tea leaves are steamed and dried instead of fermented, so the bioactive ingredients remains preserved optimally. |
| 25 | Celastrus paniculatus | Black oil plant seeds | N/A | N | N | Y | Celastrus paniculatus, also known as Black oil plant, climbing staff tree and intellect tree is a woody, fruit-bearing vine from India. Black oil plant seeds are used in Ayurvedic medicine due to their varied medicinal properties. Celastrus paniculatus’ ability to protect the brain and to improve memory functions makes it an effective nootropic. |
| 26 | Centrophenoxine | Meclofenoxate; Amipolen; Analux; Brenal; Cellative; Centrophenoxin; Cerebron; Cerutil; Closete; Helfergin; lucidril; Lucidryl; Lutiaron; Marucotol; Proserout; Proseryl; Ropoxyl | 2-Dimethylaminoethyl (4-chlorophenoxy)acetate | N | N | Y | Meclofenoxate is broken down by the liver into DMAE and PCPA (parachlorphenoxyacetic acid). It has been shown to cause mild memory improvement in people with dementia and has been marketed as an anti-aging supplement. |
| 27 | Choline Bitartrate | CHOLINE BITARTRATE; 87-67-2; CHOLINI BITARTRAS; 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate; 2-(Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium bitartrate; Choline bitartrate, 97%; Choline tartrate (1:1); and many others. | 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium | N | N | Y | Choline is comprised of a quaternary ammonium group and an alcohol functional group, which are connected through an ethyl chain. Its charged cation can bind to a negative group or atom to form various salts, which can produce varying effects. Choline chloride can form a low-melting deep eutectic solvent mixture with urea with unusual properties. |
| 28 | Cinnamon extract | 2-methoxy-4-prop-2-enylphenol;[(E)-prop-1-enyl]benzene | N | N | Y | ||
| 29 | Citicoline | Neurocoline; cytidine diphosphate-choline; CDP-Choline; cytidine 5’-diphosphocholine | (2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-ylmethoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate | N | N | Y | Citicoline, or cytidine diphosphate-choline, is a naturally occurring substance found in human cell tissue and synthesized as a sodium salt as a supplement. Its chemical structure is comprised of a cytidine nucleoside attached to a choline group through a diphosphate bridge. Citicoline is a chemical intermediary in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major phospholipid in cell membranes. |
| 30 | Coluracetam | acetoamide; AJ-08232; DS-14004; HY-17553; AX8209310; KB-271979; ST2407347; TC-072260; 4CH-017490; FT-0697594; Y1294; 463C819; J-690145; I14-13061; High-affinity choline uptake facilitator (CNS disorders), Mitsubishi; High-affinity choline uptake facilitator (depression/anxiety), BrainCells; Neurons growth promoting compound (major depressive disorder/anxiety), BrainCells; 1-Pyrrolidineacetamide, 2-oxo-N-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3-dimethylfuro(2,3-b)quinolin-4-yl)-; N-(2,3-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]quinolin-4-yl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide and many others. | N-(2,3-Dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]quinolin-4-yl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide | N | N | Y | Coluracetam, or N-(2,3-Dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]quinolin-4-yl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide, is a synthetic compound of the racetam family. Racetams share a pyrrolidine nucleus, a five-member nitrogenous ring with a ketone bonded oxygen at R2.[2] This 2-pyrrolidone ring is bound to the terminal carbon of an acetamide group, an ethyl amide chain with a ketone bond (C=O) at the alpha carbon. |
| 31 | Coumarins | Leonotis Leonurus flowers; Monnier’s snow parsley seeds; Leonotis Leeonorus 20X extract; wild lettuce | chromen-2-one | N | N | Y | Ingredient of wild lettuce. Biennial, growing up to 2-4 feet, maximum height of 6 feet (cultivated plants usually smaller). The erect stem, springing from a brown tap-root, is smooth and pale green, sometimes spotted with purple. Leaves are from 6 to 18 inches long, flowers are pale yellow, with large open clusters. |
| 32 | Creatine | N-Carbamimidoyl-N-methylglycine, Methylguanidoacetic acid; Creatine; N-Carbamimidoyl-N-methylglycine; Methylguanidoacetic acid | 2-[Carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid | N | N | Y | Creatine is a nitrogenous amino acid produced endogenously and synthesized for consumption. Synthetic creatine is usually made from sarcosine (or its salts) and cyanamide which are combined in a reactor with catalyst compounds. The reactor is heated and pressurized, causing creatine crystals to form. The crystalline creatine is then purified by centrifuge and vacuum dried. The dried creatine compound is milled into a fine powder for improved bioavailability. Milling techniques differ, resulting in final products of varying solubility and bioavailability. For instance, creatine compounds milled to 200 mesh are referred to as micronized |
| 33 | Curcumin | Turmeric tea golden ginger; Turmeric drink golden cocoa | (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione | N | N | Y | Turmeric and ginger do not only look like one another; they also fit together very well! That’s proven with this excellent, beneficial tea by TAKA Turmeric with Golden Ginger. The delicious organic blend of turmeric and ginger provides a warming and invigorating effect. The black pepper and coconut increase the effect of the active ingredient in turmeric: Curcumin. Do not wait any longer for the perfect turmeric tea: order Golden Ginger. |
| 34 | Dehydroepiandrosterone | DHEA; androstenolone; Prasterone | 3S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one | N | N | Y | DHEA supplements are said to increase energy, enhance memory and cognitive function, improve immunity, and reduce the effects of stress. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone. DHEA also has a variety of potential biological effects in its own right, binding to an array of nuclear and cell surface receptors, and acting as a neurosteroid and neurotrophin. In addition to its role as a natural hormone, DHEA is used as an over-the-counter supplement and medication; for information on DHEA as a supplement or medication |
| 35 | Deoxypipradol | 2-diphenylmethylpiperidine; 2-DPMP; 2-Diphenylmethylpiperidine 2-benzhydrylpiperidine 519-74-4 Desoxypipradrol 2-(Diphenylmethyl)piperidine Piperidine, 2-(diphenylmethyl)- Piperidine,2-(diphenylmethyl)- 2-DPMP AK-24338 2-(Diphenylmethyl)piperidine; 2-Benzhydrylpiperidine; Desoxypipradol; Ivory Wave | 2-diphenylmethylpiperidine | Y | Y | N | Desoxypipradrol, acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) developed by Ciba in the 1950s. Desoxypipradrol is closely related on a structural level to the compounds methylphenidate and pipradrol, all three of which share a similar pharmacological action.2-DPMP is a powerful stimulant that has been found in the product ‘Ivory Wave’. It was taken as a ‘legal high’ and has amphetamine-like stimulant effects similar to speed. 2-DPMP effects can be both powerful and long-lasting, with effects that can last as long as 5-7 days - some users have had to go to hospital for help. |
| 36 | Dexanabinol | ETS2101; Dexanabinol; (6aS,10aS)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol | (6aS,10aS)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol | N | N | Y | Cannabinoid |
| 37 | Dexmethylphenidate | D-threo-Methylphenidate; Methyl D-phenidate; Focalin; UNII-M32RH9MFGP; D-Methylphenidate; 40431-64-9; D-TMP; M32RH9MFGP; CHEMBL827; CHEBI:51860; Focalin; methyl (R)-phenyl[(R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate; D-MPH; Attenade; dexmetilfenidato; AC1L4BP3; SCHEMBL34326; GTPL7554; DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-CHWSQXEVSA-N; ZINC896711; 2-Piperidineacetic acid, alpha-phenyl-, methyl ester, (alphaR,2R) | Methyl (2R)-phenyl[(2R)-2-piperidinyl]acetate | N | N | Y | Dexmethylphenidate, sold under the trade names Focalin among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.It is in the phenethylamine and piperidine classes of medications. It is the active dextrorotatory enantiomer of methylphenidate. |
| 38 | Dextroamphetamine | Dexedrine; Metamina; Attentin; Zenzedi; Procentra; Amfexa; D-Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine sulphate; Dexamfetamine; Dexamphetamine | (2S)-1-Phenylpropan-2-amine | N | N | Y | Dextroamphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and amphetamine enantiomer that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. Dextroamphetamine was also used by military air, tank and special forces as a ‘go-pill’ during fatigue-inducing missions such as night-time bombing missions or extended combat operations. The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers (in other words, two different molecules that are mirror images of one another), levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is the more active, dextrorotatory, or ‘right-handed’, enantiomer of the amphetamine molecule. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate is available as both a a brand name and generic drug in a variety of dosage forms. |
| 39 | Dimethylaminoethanol | DMAE; deanol; di-methyl-amino-ethanol; DMEA | 2-(Dimethylamino)ethanol | N | N | Y | DMAE is a precursor of choline and an anti-oxidant that is found naturally in the brain. It is said to improve memory and learning as well as increasing ability to concentrate. |
| 40 | DL-Phenylalanine | DLPA; 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid | 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid | N | N | Y | DL-Phenylalanine is a racemic mixture of phenylalanine, an aromatic amino acid with antidepressant, analgesic and appetite suppressant properties. The antidepressant effect of DL-phenylalanine may be accounted for by its precursor role in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. Elevated brain norepinephrine and dopamine levels are thought to be associated with antidepressant effects. This agent also plays a role in alleviating mood swings of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), increasing energy and mental alertness and heighten the ability to focus in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). |
| 41 | Drinabant | AVE-1625 | N-{1-[Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]azetidin-3-yl}-N-(3,5-difluorophenyl)methanesulfonamide | N | N | Y | AVE-1625 is a highly potent, selective antagonist for the CB1 receptor with Ki values of 0.16-0.44 nM. Drinabant reached phase IIb clinical trials as obesity treatment in the treatment of obesity but was shortly thereafter discontinued, likely due to the observation of severe psychiatric side effects including anxiety, depression, and thoughts of suicide in patients treated with the now-withdrawn rimonabant, another CB1 antagonist that was also under development by Sanofi-Aventis. |
| 42 | Dronabinol | ultrapure THC; Namisol; dronabinol; Marinol; syndros; cesamet; δ9-thc; δ9–tetrahydrocannabino; delta9-tetrahydrocannabino; delta9-thc | (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol | N | N | Y | Dronabinol – trade names Marinol and Syndros – is a synthetic form of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) approved by the FDA as an appetite stimulant for people with AIDS and antiemetic for people receiving chemotherapy. Synthetically created D9-THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in Cannabis. |
| 43 | Ephedrine | Ephedrine Erythro Isomer; Ephedrine Hydrochloride; Ephedrine Renaudin; Ephedrine Sulfate; Erythro Isomer of Ephedrine; Hydrochloride, Ephedrine; Renaudin, Ephedrine; Sal Phedrine; Sal-Phedrine; SalPhedrine; Sulfate, Ephedrine; Mini Thins; Sudafed; Trucker’s Speed; (-)-alpha-(1-methylaminoethyl)benzyl alcohol | (1R,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol | N | N | Y | Ephedrine is the active ingredient in Ephedra sinica. One isomer (pseudoephedrine) is widely sold as a decongestant while the other (ephedrine) is a commonly used stimulant. Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant. It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia. It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment. It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion. As a phenethylamine, ephedrine has a similar chemical structure to amphetamines and is a methamphetamine analogue having the methamphetamine structure with a hydroxyl group at the β position. |
| 44 | Ethylphenidate | EPH | Ethyl 2-phenyl-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetate | Y | Y | N | Ethylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the substituted phenethylamine class. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino -NH2 group through an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to amphetamine, featuring a substitution at Ra which is incorporated into a piperdine ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains an ethyl acetate bound to R2 or its structure. Ethylphenidate is structurally differed to methylphenidate by elongation of the carbon chain. Ethyl- regards the side chain of two carbon atoms, phen- indicates the phenyl ring, id- is contracted from a piperidine ring, and -ate indicates the acetate group containing the oxygens. Ethylphenidate is a chiral compound, presumably produced as a racemic mixture. |
| 45 | F-Phenibut | Fluorophenibut; Fluorobut; b-(4-flourophenyl)-GABA | 5-amino-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxypentan-2-one | N | N | Y | As with phenibut, F-Phenibut is a derivative of GABA, except with a fluorine-substituted phenyl group in the b-position of the molecule. It is a chiral molecule and thus has two potential configurations as (R)- and (S)-enantiomers.[4] It has an almost identical chemical structure to baclofen (only replacing a chlorine with a fluorine atom in the para-position of the phenyl group).[5] Additionally, the widely prescribed gabapentinoid pregabalin also possesses a similar structure as phenibut, except that the phenyl group is instead replaced with an isobutyl group. |
| 46 | Fasoracetam | NS-105; LAM-105; (5R)-5-oxo-D-prolinepiperidinamide monohydrate; NS-105; AEVI-001; LAM 105; MDGN-001; NFC 1 | (5R)-5-(piperidine-1-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-2-one | N | N | Y | A substance in the racetam family. Appears to be a GABA(B) agonist, and has shown to block memory disruptions caused by Baclofen, another GABA(B) Agonist. Similar to another compound in the racetam family Coluracetam, it enhances High affinity choline reuptake (HACU). It is a nootropic, and has been in clinical trials for vascular dementia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
| 47 | Fipexide | Attentil; Vigilor; BP 662 | 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazine | N | N | Y | Fipexide is a mild stimulant that is thought to indirectly affect dopamine levels in the brain. It is said to improve short term memory, attention, learning, and cognition. There is a risk of serious liver damage and high fever with use. Fipexide (Attentil, Vigilor) is a psychoactive drug of the piperazine chemical class which was developed in Italy in 1983. It was used as a nootropic drug in Italy and France, mainly for the treatment of senile dementia, but is no longer in common use due to the occurrence of rare adverse drug reactions including fever and hepatitis |
| 48 | Fladrafinil | CRL 40941; Fluorafinil; fluoromodafinil | 4;4-difluorobenzhydrylsulfinylacetohydroxamic acid | Y | Y | N | Fladrafinil was described in a patent by Louis Lafon Laboratories in the 1980’s, the same company that developed the atypical psychostimulant adrafinil (CRL 40028) in the 1970’s. Fladrafinil is the 4,4’-difluoro derivative of adrafinil. A substance closely related to Adrafinil and Modafinil. It is the bis(p-fluoro) ring derivative of Adrafinil. |
| 49 | Flavonoids | 2-phenylchromen-4-one | N | N | Y | Ingredients of wild Lettuce. Biennial, growing up to 2-4 feet, maximum height of 6 feet (cultivated plants usually smaller). The erect stem, springing from a brown tap-root, is smooth and pale green, sometimes spotted with purple. Leaves are from 6 to 18 inches long, flowers are pale yellow, with large open clusters. | |
| 50 | Flmodafinil | lauflumide; bisfluoromodafinil; RL-40-940 | C15H13F2NO2S | Y | N | N | Bisfluoro analogue Modafinil. Has been sold online as a research chemical. Was patented in 2013. Is slightly more potent than Armodafinil. CRL-40,940 (also known as flmodafinil, bisfluoromodafinil and lauflumide) is a selective dopaminergic reuptake inhibitor, and is the bisfluoro analog of the eugeroic modafinil and has been sold online as a designer drug. |
| 51 | GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid; gamma aminobutyric acid | 4-Aminobutanoic acid | N | N | Y | Gaba is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found naturally in the brain. Research suggests that increased levels of gaba might help reduce the mental decline associated with aging.GABA is sold as a dietary supplement. |
| 52 | Galantamine | Razadyne; Reminyl; Nivalin; Razadyne ER; Reminyl; Lycoremine | (4aS,6R,8aS)-5,6,9,10,11,12-Hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-4aH-[1]benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef][2]benzazepin-6-ol | N | N | Y | Galantamine is a complex alkaloid that is found endogenously in certain plants and synthesized for medical use. It is comprised of a fusion between a methoxy substituted benzene ring to a hydrogenated and methylated azepine ring along with a hydroxylated benzofuran group. |
| 53 | Geranamine | DMAA; methylhexanamine; methylhexamine; geranamine; geranium extract; geranium oil; 2-amino-4-methylhexane; dimethylamylamine; DMAA; 1,3-dimethylamylamine; 1,3-DMAA; 1,3-dimethylpentylamine; 4-methyl-2-hexanamine; 4-methyl-2-hexylamine; orthan; Forthane; Floradrene; | 4-methylhexan-2-amine | Y | N | N | Also known as methylhexanamine, this sympathetomimetic drug was developed as a nasal decongestant by Eli Lilly in the 1940s. It has been used as a weight loss aid and missold as a dietary supplement and component of some energy drinks. Carries a risk of heart attack, stroke and other life-threatening cardiovascular issues. It may occur naturally as a component of the oil extracted from the geranium plant. |
| 54 | Ginger root extracts | (E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)dec-4-en-3-one;1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyldecan-3-one | N | N | Y | Ginger is an herbaceous tropical perennial grows 2-4 feet tall from an aromatic, tuberous root. Leaves are grass-like and 6-12 inches long. Flowers are dense, red and yellow cone-like spikes 3 inches long at the end of a 6-12 inch stalk. | |
| 55 | Gingko biloba | Gingko biloba powder | N/A | N | N | Y | Ginkgo biloba contains ginkgolides that have a positive effect on blood circulation and oxygen levels, which are associated with brain performance and help maintain cognitive function. Ginkgo contributes to a clear mind and mental focus. The brain boosting effects of ginkgo can help improve memory and memory recall, whether you’re preparing for an exam or simply want to keep your mind sharp. Effect Ginkgo has stimulating properties. It has a positive effect on cognitive function and mental alertness. Ginkgo helps maintain healthy blood vessels. |
| 56 | Ginseng | Tartar Root; Five-fingers | bis[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 2,3-dihydroxy-6b-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,11,11,14b-pentamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicene-4,8a-dicarboxylate | N | N | Y | Ginseng’s thin, single stem grows from a bud at the top of the root that rises and separates into a whorl of compound leaves. Small green flowers radiate, umbrella-like from the end of a stalk and are eventually replaced by red berries. |
| 57 | Harmaline | 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole | N | Y | N | Harmaline is a fluorescent psychoactive indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the partially hydrogenated form of harmine. Various plants contain harmaline including Peganum harmala (Syrian rue) as well as the hallucinogenic beverage ayahuasca, which is traditionally brewed using Banisteriopsis caapi. Present at 3% by dry weight, the harmala alkaloids may be extracted from the Syrian rue seeds. | |
| 58 | Harmalol | 1-Methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol | N | N | Y | Harmalol is a bioactive beta-carboline and a member of the harmala alkaloids. | |
| 59 | Homosildenafil | methyl-sildenafil | C23H32N6O4S | N | N | Y | An analogue of sildenafil (Sildenafil) with similar effects. Has been missold in certain ‘herbal’ blends and dietary supplements for sexual potency. Little is known about the pharmacology or safety profile of this drug in humans, potentially less potent than sildenafil. |
| 60 | Hordenine | 4-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamin | 4-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)phenol | N | N | Y | Hordenine (N,N-dimethyltyramine) is an alkaloid of the phenethylamine class that occurs naturally in a variety of plants, taking its name from one of the most common, barley (Hordeum species). Chemically, hordenine is the N-methyl derivative of N-methyltyramine, and the N,N-dimethyl derivative of the well-known biogenic amine tyramine, from which it is biosynthetically derived and with which it shares some pharmacological properties. |
| 61 | Huperzine A | Amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.0*2,7*]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one(Huperzine A); (-)1-Amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.0*2,7*]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one((-)-Huperzine A); | (1R,9R,13E)-1-Amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one | N | N | Y | A compound that is extracted from the herbs of Huperziceae family. Is known as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which stops an enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine which results in increases in acetylcholine. Is currently in preliminary trials for Alzheimer’s. |
| 62 | Hydergine | Gerimal; Niloric; co-dergocrine mesilate; dihydroergotoxine mesylate; Ergoloid mesylates | (6aR,9R,10aR)-N-[(1S,2S,4R,7S)-2-hydroxy-5,8-dioxo-4,7-di(propan-2-yl)-3-oxa-6,9-diazatricyclo[7.3.0.02,6]dodecan-4-yl]-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide;methanesulfonic acid | N | N | Y | Ergoloid mesylates are ergot alkaloids which act as neuroprotective anti-oxidants. They are also said to increase blood flow to the brain and generally increase cognitive abilities though the evidence is contradictory on these points. It was approved by the FDA in 1951. |
| 63 | Icariin | Horny goat weed extract 10% Icariin | 5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one | N | N | Y | Horny goat weed extract 10% Icariin | 3 g - Epimedium |
| 64 | Isopropylphenidate | IPH, IPPH; IPPD | Propan-2-yl 2-phenyl-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetate | Y | Y | N | Isopropylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the substituted phenethylamine and piperidine classes. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group via an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to amphetamine, featuring a substitution at Ra which is then incorporated into a piperidine ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains an isopropyl acetate bound to R2 of its molecular structure, a noticeable departure from methylphenidate, which contains a methyl group in this position. |
| 65 | JZL-184 | 4-Nitrophenyl 4-[bis(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)(hydroxy)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate | N | N | Y | Cannabinoid | |
| 66 | Kaempferol | Blue Lotus 20X Extract; Blue Lotus tincture 15X Extract; Kratom X Blue Lilly Liquid; Trichocereus Bridgesii Cutting; Trichocereus Bridgesii Monstruosus Cutting | 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one | N | N | Y | Blue Lotus flowers have also yielded a variety of alkaloids, including kaempferol, which has mild MAOI properties. Traditionally used as a narcotic, Nymphaea caerulea helps strengthen the male erection. Blue Lily also contains powerful antioxidants. This versatile plant has a lot to offer. Effect Blue Lotus has calming effects. The main effect of the Blue Lotus 20X extract is sedative, calming and relaxing. Blue Lotus offers a very mild, mind opening (hallucinogenic) experience. This potent extract combines very well with red wine, bringing you into a euphoric and ecstatic state. Last but not least, Blue Lotus has aphrodisiac qualities. |
| 67 | Kava Kava | Kava; Piper methysticum; Kawa; Awa; Waka; Lawena; Sakau; Yaqona; Kaffa kaffa; | 6-[(E)-2-(cyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)ethenyl]-4-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one | N | N | Y | Kava is a tropical evergreen shrub with large heart-shaped leaves and woody stems. Its thick roots are mashed or ground and made into a cold beverage used similarly to alcohol. It has a long history of ritual and recreational use in Pacific Polynesia and is now a common herbal product. |
| 68 | Kratom | Mitragyna speciosa; krath`m (Thai); ketum; kratum; | Methyl (E)-2-[(2S,3S,7aS,12bS)-3-ethyl-7a-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,3,4,6,7,12b-hexahydro-1H-indolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl]-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate | Y | N | N | Kratom is the common name for the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korthals. It is a tree indigenous to Southeast Asia (Thailand, northern Malay Peninsula to Borneo); it is mostly grown in the central and southern regions of Thailand, and only rarely in the northern part. There are more than 40 compounds in the leaves of M. multi-solvent, including many indole alkaloids such as mitragynine (once thought to be the primary active constituent), mitraphylline, and 7-hydroxymitragynine (which is currently the most likely candidate for the primary active chemical in the plant). Other active chemicals in M. specials include raubasine, rhynchophylline, and corynantheidine, among many others. |
| 69 | L-655,708 | 9H-Imidazo[1,5-a]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-1-carboxylic acid, 11,12,13,13a-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-9-oxo-, ethyl ester, (13aS)-; Ethyl (13aS)-7-methoxy-9-oxo-11,12,13,13a-tetrahydro-9H-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-1-carboxylate; 130477-52-0; CHEMBL52030; | Ethyl 7-methoxy-9-oxo-11,12,13,13a-tetrahydro-9H-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-1-carboxylate | N | N | Y | It is a nootropic drug invented in 1996 by a team working for Merck, Sharp and Dohme, that was the first compound developed which acts as a subtype-selective inverse agonist at the α5 subtype of the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor. It acts as an inverse agonist at the α1, α2, α3 and α5 subtypes, but with much higher affinity for α5, and unlike newer α5 inverse agonists such as α5IA, L-655,708 exerts its subtype selectivity purely via higher binding affinity for this receptor subtype, with its efficacy as an inverse agonist being around the same at all the subtypes it binds to.A radiolabelled form of L-655,708 was used to map the distribution of the GABAA α5 subtype in the brain, and it was found to be expressed predominantly in the hippocampus, an area of the brain involved with learning and memory. Activation of this subtype is thought to be largely responsible for producing the cognitive side effects displayed by many benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine drugs, such as amnesia and difficulties with learning and memory, and so this led researchers to conclude that a drug acting as an inverse agonist at this subtype should have the opposite effect and enhance learning and memory. |
| 70 | L-Tryptophan | L-TRP | (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid | N | N | Y | Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a non-polar aromatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin and vitamin B3. It is encoded by the codon UGG. |
| 71 | Lemon Balm | N/A | N | N | Y | Lemon Balm is a perennial (its root survives the winter) herb usually growing 1-2 feet (50 cm) tall. The leaves are ovate to heart-shaped and mint-like. Its flowers are white to yellowish in loose, small bunches and have a lemony-minty smell and flavor. Lemon Balm is used in foods and teas, as an insect repellant, and there is evidence that it has anxiolytic, sedative, mood improving, and nootropic effects. Some people report distinct psychoactive effects taking it as a tea, snorting, or smoking it, sometimes in combination with other plants or drugs, though reports are inconsistent. | |
| 72 | Lisdexamfetamine | lisdextroamfetamine; lisdexamphetamine; Tyvense; Elvanse; Aduvanz; Venvanse; Vyvanse | (2S)-2,6-diamino-N-[(2S)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexanamide | N | N | Y | This drug is a CNS stimulant often prescribed for ADHD, narcolepsy and obesity. It is also a pro-drug for dextroamphetamine, and functions as a method for providing extended-release stimulation. It is sometimes prescribed alongside an SSRI for depression. Lisdexamfetamine (contracted from L-lysine-dextroamphetamine) is a prodrug of the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant dextroamphetamine, a phenethylamine of the amphetamine class that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge eating disorder. Its chemical structure consists of dextroamphetamine coupled with the essential amino acid L-lysine. Lisdexamfetamine itself is inactive prior to its absorption and the subsequent rate-limited enzymatic cleavage of the molecule’s L-lysine portion, which produces the active metabolite (dextroamphetamine). |
| 73 | Lobeline | derived from lobelia inflata | 2-[(2R,6S)-6-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl]-1-methylpiperidin-2-yl]-1-phenylethanone | N | N | Y | Native Americans used lobelia to treat respiratory and muscle disorders, and as a purgative. The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco). However, there are adverse effects that limit the use of lobelia. Lobelia has been used as “asthmador” in Appalachian folk medicine. Two species, L. siphilitica and L. cardinalis, were once considered a cure for syphilis. Herbalist Samuel Thomson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century, as well as other medicinal plants like goldenseal. One species, Lobelia chinensis is used as one of the fifty fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Several studies show that lobelia is ineffective in helping people to quit smoking. |
| 74 | Lovegra | N/A | N | N | Y | Lovegra 100 mg, the pink female equivalent to the blue Viagra pill. Specificly developed for women, The Lovegra pill improves blood flow in the genital area. For more intense sexual satisfaction for women, will increase your pleasure and the vaginal moisture is ensured during the entire sex. Did you already discovered Lovegra? If not … you have to try this!!! | |
| 75 | Maca | Peruvian ginseng; Lepidium meyenii; maca-maca; maino; ayak chichira; ayak willku. Macaridine. | N/A | N | N | Y | Maca is an edible herbaceous biennial plant of the family Brassicaceae that is native to South America in the high Andes mountains of Peru. It is mostly used for sexual and fertility problems. |
| 76 | Marijuana | Indian hemp; marijuana; Cannabis, Marijuana, Weed, Pot, Mary Jane, Grass, Herb, Devil’s Lettuce, Jazz Tobacco; Cannabis; Marijuana; Weed; Pot; Mary Jane; Grass; Herb; Devil’s Lettuce; Jazz Tobacco | N/A | N | N | Y | Cannabis is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern Asia but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fibre, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and spiritual moods and medicine. Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 |
| 77 | Melatonin | N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine | N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide | N | N | Y | Melatonin is comprised of a monoamine chain attached to an indole ring at the third carbon. A monoamine chain is made up of an amine group attached to an ethane chain. This monoamine chain can be found in many neurotransmitters, including histamine, dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. It is also found in many psychoactive substances such as members of the tryptamine and phenethylamine chemical classes. |
| 78 | Memantine | Axura, Ebixa, Namenda, Memary | 3,5-Dimethyladamantan-1-amine | Y | Y | N | Memantine or 3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-amine is a synthetic molecule classified as a substituted adamantane derivative. Its core structure is adamantane, a diamondoid of four interlocked cyclohexane rings in a stable 3-dimensional lattice conformation. Memantine is substituted with a methyl carbon at both R3 and R5; it contains an amine substitution at R1. Its name is derived from its structure, 3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-amine. Memantine is an arycyclohexylamine, belonging to the same category as ketamine and is a derivative of amantadine (adamantan-1-amine). It was originally synthesized in the late 1960s and like amantadine it is an adamantan-amine based uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists, used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias and is considered to be ‘well-tolerated’. |
| 79 | Memantine extended release | memantine ER; Namenda XR | 3,5-Dimethyladamantan-1-amine | Y | Y | N | See above |
| 80 | Menthol | Knaster Fresh | 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexan-1-ol | N | N | Y | The menthol classic. Knaster Fresh is a minty blend of hemp aroma and Mentha Spicata. Arctic fresh. |
| 81 | Methylmorphenate | N/A | Y | Y | N | Methylmorphenate is a benzylmorpholine and is a derivative of the internationally controlled substance methylphenidate (methyl alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate), where the piperidine ring has been replaced by a morpholine ring. Methylphenidate is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methylmorphenate possesses two chiral carbons (stereocenters). | |
| 82 | Methylnaphthidate | CHEMBL1183494; hdmp-28; DL-Threo-methylnaphthidate; Methyl 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetate; 2-Piperidineacetic acid, alpha-2-naphthalenyl-, methyl ester; BDBM50327107; ZINC29484313; and many others. | Methyl (naphthalen-2-yl)(piperidin-2-yl)acetate | Y | Y | N | HDMP-28 (methylnaphthidate) is structurally related to methylphenidate (controlled under the 1971 UN Convention) having a naphthalene ring instead of a benzene ring.HDMP-28 has been found to have reinforcing effects in a study that examined the reinforcing efficacy of psychostimulants in primate brain tissue. |
| 83 | Methylphenidate | Methylphenidan; Phenidylate; Concerta; Calocain; Daytrana; Plimasine; Meridil; Ritalin; Methyl phenidylacetate; Methylfenidan; Metilfenidato; Methylin; 113-45-1; Centedrin; Methylofenidan; Centedein; Tsentedrin; 4311/B Ciba; Metadate; Methylphen; Riphenidate; Centredin; Methyl alpha-phenyl-alpha-(2-piperidyl)acetate; alpha-Phenyl-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester; NCI-C56280; 2-Piperidineacetic acid, alpha-phenyl-, methyl ester; HSDB 3126; EINECS 204-028-6; C 4311; CHEMBL7 | Methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate | N | N | Y | Methylphenidate, sold under various trade names, Ritalin being one of the most commonly known, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine[3] and piperidine classes that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. The original patent was owned by CIBA, now Novartis Corporation. It was first licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1955 for treating what was then known as hyperactivity. Methylphenidate’s mechanism of action involves the inhibition of catecholamine reuptake, primarily as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Methylphenidate acts by blocking the dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter, leading to increased concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine within the synaptic cleft. This effect in turn leads to increased neurotransmission of dopamine and norepinephrine.[10] Methylphenidate is also a weak 5HT1A receptor agonist. |
| 84 | Mexamine | meksamin; 5-Methoxytryptamine; 5-MT; 2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine; meksamin; 5-Methoxytryptamine; 5-MT; 2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine; | 2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine | N | Y | N | 5-Methoxytryptamine, a tryptamine derivative that naturally occurs in the body at low levels. Apparently enhances dreams. 5-Methoxytryptamine (5-MT), also known as mexamine, is a tryptamine derivative closely related to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin. |
| 85 | Modafinil | 2-benzhydrylsulfinylethanamide; Modiodial; Provigil; Alertec; CRL-40476; Diphenylmethylsulfinylacetamide | 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide | Y | N | N | Modafinil is a synthetic stimulant which is also known under the trade names Modiodial in Europe and Provigil in the United Kingdom. It is approved for use in the treatment of daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Research has also suggested that modafinil may be effective in the treatment of sleepiness disorders other than narcolepsy i.e. idiopathic hypersomnia, night-shift sleep disorder, obstructive sleep disorder, obstructive sleep apnoea, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, myotonic dystrophy, depression, schizophrenia, attention-deficit disorder and cocaine dependence and withdrawal. |
| 86 | Modafinil Sulphone | CRL 41056 and USP Modafinil Related Compound B | 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfonyl]acetamide | Y | Y | N | Modafinil sulphone is considered to be one of two metabolites of modafinil, it being the minor metabolite. Modafinil sulphone is structurally related to the previously notified modafiendz which is the bis-fluoro-N-methyl analogue of modafinil.The properties of modafinil sulphone have not been described extensively in the literature. It has been reported that this substance has anticonvulsant activity and therefore may find use in the “treatment of preclinical subconvulsive manifestations”, further studies are required in this area. In other research, it has been stated that modafinil sulphone is pharmacologically active with a half-life of approximately 12 hours but it has been reported that it may also not exert any significant activity in the brain or periphery. |
| 87 | Mucuna pruriens | Velvet beans; Cow Itch; Itching Bean; Nescafe; Bengal velvet bean; Florida velvet bean; Mauritius velvet bean; Yokohama velvet bean; cowage; lacuna bean; Lyon bean | N/A | N | N | Y | Mucuna pruriens is a tropical vine growing from 3-18 meters with white to dark purple hanging flowers. It’s bean-like pods are covered with long stinging hairs and contain black, white, or tan seeds. The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenin, and 5-MeO-DMT. It has a tradition of use as a Ayurvedic aphrodesiac, treatment for parkinsons, ayahuasca admixture, and coffee substitute. |
| 88 | N-methyl-4,4’-difluoro-modafinil | N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil; Dehydroxyfluorafinil; Modafiendz N-meethyl-4,4-difluoro-modafinil | 2-{[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl}-N-methylacetamide | Y | Y | N | 2-{[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl}-N-methylacetamide is the bis-fluoro-N-methyl analogue of the substance modafinil and is currently marketed by online sellers as a nootropic substance called ‘modafiendz’. Modafinil is used to treat excessive sleepiness caused by narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea and is marketed as a prescription medication under a number of names in the EU including; Modasomil, Modiodal, Modiwake, Provigil and Vigil. |
| 89 | N-methyl-cyclazodone | N-methyl-cyclazodone;2-(cyclopropyl(methyl)amino)-5-phenyloxazol-4(5H)-one | N-methyl-cyclazodone;2-(cyclopropyl(methyl)amino)-5-phenyloxazol-4(5H)-one | Y | Y | N | N-methyl-cyclazodone is an approximately 3x - 5x more potent derivative of the nootropic and psychostimulant compound Pemoline. |
| 90 | Naringin | Kanna 50X Tincture | (2S)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one | N | N | Y | A tincture is one of the most convenient ways to get your dose of Kanna. Kanna extract induces a general feeling of euphoria and sociability, relaxation and increased focus, coupled with an energetic feeling. All natural: No chemicals or sugars have been added. Ingredients: Sceletium tortuosum extract, distilled water, naringin, glycerin, alcohol (14%). Content: 10ml (2 doses) |
| 91 | Nefiracetam | DM-9384 | N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide | N | N | Y | Nootropic compound of the racetam family. Seems to enhance both GABAergic and cholinergic signalling. Long term use appears to be neuroprotective. Fat soluble. |
| 92 | Nicotine | Nicotine; tabak; tabacco; cigarettes; tobacco; Mapacho | (S)-3-[1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine | N | N | Y | Nicotine (3-[(2S)-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine) is a naturally occurring bicyclic compound comprised of a pyridine ring attached to the second carbon of a pyrrolidine ring that has a methyl substituent on the nitrogen. Pyridine is an unsaturated six-membered ring structurally related to benzene but with a nitrogen member. Nicotine additionally contains a substituted pyrrolidine ring, which is a saturated five-membered ring with one nitrogen member. These rings are bridged from the R3 position of the pyridine ring to the R2 position of the pyrrolidine ring. Tobacco is an annual or bi-annual growing 1-3 meters tall with large sticky leaves that contain nicotine. Native to the Americas, tobacco has a long history of use as a shamanic inebriant and stimulant. It is extremely popular and well-known for its addictive potential. |
| 93 | Noopept | GVS-111; Noopept; Noopept; GVS-111; Omberacetam | N-Phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl este | Y | N | N | Noopept, or N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, is a synthetic peptide. A peptide is a chain of simple amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Noopept contains a phenylacetyl subunit bound to a small peptide chain of proline and glycine. The proline amino acid is composed of a carboxylic acid group bound to a pyrrolidine ring at C2. The glycine amino acid is bound to proline with a peptide bond and contains an amino group bound to the free carbon of ethanoic acid. Noopept is structurally similar to the endogenous neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine, for which it is a prodrug. Noopept is a dipeptide conjugate of piracetam although it is not a racetam as it lacks a pyrrolidone cycle. |
| 94 | NSI-189 | (4-Benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-[2-(3-methylbutylamino)pyridin-3-yl]methanone | Y | Y | N | NSI-189 is considered an experimental drug that is currently being investigated by Neuralstem Inc., for the treatment of major depressive disorders (MDD). The research into this drug has been funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States. Neuralstem states that NSI-189 “enables the creation of neural stem cell lines from many areas of the CNS, including the hippocampus” and “boost the generation of new neurons”. This would be achieved by the stimulation of neurogenesis of human hippocampus-derived neural stem cells in-vitro and in-vivo. This drug by Neuralstem is the first to undergo clinical trials and the company plans to develop NS1-189 into an orally administrable drug for the treatment of MDD, and other cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and PTSD. | |
| 95 | Octopamine | b-HO-HPEA | 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol | N | N | Y | Octopamine is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine. In many types of invertebrates it functions as an important neurotransmitter and hormone, but in the human body it normally exists only at trace levels and has no known function. Because it shares some of the actions of norepinephrine, octopamine has been sold under trade names such as Epirenor, Norden, and Norfen for use as a sympathomimetic drug, available by prescription. In mammals, octopamine may mobilize the release of fat from adipocytes (fat cells), which has led to its promotion on the internet as a slimming aid. However, the released fat is likely to be promptly taken up into other cells, and there is no evidence that octopamine facilitates weight loss. It is also used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. |
| 96 | Oxiracetam | BCP06209; HY-B1715; Tox21_110218; Tox21_500933; AC-670; AN-929; CGP 21690; CO0043; CT 848; MFCD00242951; RW2749; s4270; AB05478; ACN-001375; CCG-205014; CS-8012; LP00933; MCULE-8223030209; RP17379; TRA0048419; KS-00000O50; 4- Hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidine-N-acetamide; 4-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-on-1-yl acetamide and many others. | (RS)-2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide | N | N | Y | Oxiracetam, or (RS)-2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide, is a synthetic compound of the racetam family. Racetams share a pyrrolidine nucleus, a five member nitrogenous ring with a ketone bonded oxygen at R2. This 2-pyrrolidone ring is bound to the terminal carbon of an acetamide group, an ethyl amide chain with a ketone bond (C=O) at the alpha carbon. Oxiracetam is substituted with an additional hydroxy group at R4, which is a chiral center for the molecule. Oxiracetam is presumably produced as a racemate of its enantiomers. Oxiracetam is structurally analogous to piracetam, which lacks the R4 hydroxy substitution of oxiracetam. |
| 97 | Peganum harmala | Syrian Rue | N/A | N | Y | N | Syrian rue (Peganum harmala) is a desert plant that grows from the Eastern Mediterranean, throughout the Middle East and up to India, Mongolia and Manchuria. The seeds have a long history of ritual and medicinal use, mainly as an incense. The smoke is widely believed to ward off the evil eye. The brown, triangular seeds contain a high amount of harmala alkaloids that have a MAO inhibiting effect. For this reason Syrian rue became popular among western psychonauts as an ayahuasca analogue. |
| 98 | Pemoline | SCHEMBL41636; Pemoline (JAN/USAN/INN); MLS000759491; MLS001424026; Pemoline, >=98% (HPLC); DTXSID3023427; NRNCYVBFPDDJNE-UHFFFAOYSA-; HMS2051C08; HMS3393C08; AOB87716; NSC25159; 5-Phenyl-2-imino-4-oxo-oxazolidin; and many others. | (RS)-2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one | N | N | Y | A stimulant of the 4-oxazolidinone class. Was used as a medication for ADHD and Narcolepsy, yet was pulled from most markets due to liver failures among children. |
| 99 | Periwinkle | Madagascar Periwinkle; Rosy Periwinkle | N/A | N | N | Y | Periwinkle is a very common creeping perennial with dark green leaves and white, pink, to purple flowers. It has a long history of use, although it is not commonly used as an herbal remedy in modern treatments. The plant contains alkaloids and tannins, with a major alkaloid being vincamine, related to the semisynthetic vinpocetine. |
| 100 | Phenibut | Fenibut, Phenybut, PhGABA; b-Phenyl-g-aminobutyric acid | 4-Amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid | N | Y | N | Phenibut is a derivative of GABA with a phenyl group in the b-position. It is a chiral molecule and thus has two potential configurations, as (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. It has almost the same structure of baclofen (lacking only a chlorine atom in the para-position of the phenyl group) and contains phenethylamine in its structure.Pregabalin has the same structure as phenibut, except that the phenyl group is instead an isobutyl group. |
| 101 | Phenylalanine | (S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid | N | N | Y | Phenylalanine is found naturally in the breast milk of mammals. It is used in the manufacture of food and drink products and sold as a nutritional supplement for its reputed analgesic and antidepressant effects. It is a direct precursor to the neuromodulator phenethylamine, a commonly used dietary supplement. As an essential amino acid, phenylalanine is not synthesized de novo in humans and other animals, who must ingest phenylalanine or phenylalanine-containing proteins. | |
| 102 | Phenylpiracetam | phenyl-; BRN 5030440; (2-Oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide; 2-(2-Oxo-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-acetamide; AK-81769; J-500892; Carphedone; Fonturacetam [INN]; phenypiracetam; Carphedo; ACMC-1BLAK; AC1Q4ZOM; AC1L30ZV; Oprea1_208829; Oprea1_429090; MLS000113218; and many others. | (R,S)-2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide | N | N | Y | Phenylpiracetam is based on the piracetam molecular skeleton with an additional phenyl group attached to the pyrrolidone nucleus, albeit at a different steric location than the substituted phenyl groups observed on aniracetam or nefiracetam. Due to the chiral center at the fourth position of the pyrrolidinone ring, it can exist in an S or R-isomer; the clinically used form is the racemic mixture.[6] |
| 103 | Picamilon | GABA-NG; N-(3-Carboxypropyl)nicotinamide; UNII-0S5N9SEK4N; 0S5N9SEK4N; 4-[(pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]butanoic acid; Butanoic acid, 4-[(3-pyridinylcarbonyl)amino]-; N-nicotinoyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid; 4-(pyridin-3-ylformamido)butanoic acid; 4-(pyridine-3-carbonylamino)butanoic acid; 4-[(Pyridine-3-carbonyl)amino]butyric acid; Butanoic acid, 4-((3-pyridinylcarbonyl)amino)-; and many others. | 4-(Pyridine-3-carbonylamino)butanoic acid | N | N | Y | An analogue of GABA that does pass the brain blood barrier, which is then hydrolyzed into GABA and Niacin. In which the GABA could produce an anxiolytic effect. The Niacin as a vasodilator. And is usually used as part of a nootropic stac |
| 104 | Piracetam | MolPort-000-839-314; NINDS_000259; HMS1569L15; HMS1921L12; HMS2092D18; HMS2096L15; HMS2230B24; HMS3262N20; HMS3371G01; HMS3657A05; HMS3713L15; and many others. | 2-(2-Oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide | N | N | Y | Piracetam, or 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine-acetamide, is a synthetic compound of the racetam family. Racetams share a pyrrolidine nucleus, a five member nitrogenous ring with a ketone bonded oxygen at R2.[3] This 2-pyrrolidone ring is bound to the terminal carbon of an acetamide group, an ethyl amide chain with a ketone bond (C=O) at the alpha carbon. |
| 105 | Pramiracetam | 68497-62-1; amacetam; Pramiracetam [INN]; Pramiracetamum [INN-Latin]; UNII-4449F8I3LE; 1-Pyrrolidineacetamide, N-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-2-oxo-; 4449F8I3LE; C14H27N3O2; Neupramir; Pramiracetam (INN); N-(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide; Pramiracetam hydrate; N-[2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl]-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide; and many others | N-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl]-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide | N | N | Y | Pramiracetam, or N-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl]-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide, is a synthetic compound of the racetam family. Racetams share a pyrrolidine nucleus, a five member nitrogenous ring with a ketone bonded oxygen at R2. This 2-pyrrolidone ring is bound to the terminal carbon of an acetamide group, an ethyl amide chain with a ketone bond (C=O) at the alpha carbon. Pramiracetam features an additional substituion bonded to RN of the acetamide group of a ethyl amide chain with two isopropyl carbon chains attached to the terminal nitrogen. Pramiracetam is structurally analogous to piracetam with an added diisopropyl ethylamino chain.Pramiracetam is prepared from piracetam by substituting the amide group with a dipropan-2-ylaminoethyl group. |
| 106 | PRE-084 | PRE-084 Hydrochloride; Pre-084; PRE-084 (hydrochloride); 138847-85-5; Pre 084; 75136-54-8; 2-(4-Morpholinethyl) 1-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylate hydrochloride; SR-01000076063; PRE-084, solid; MLS000860067; SCHEMBL7381926; CHEMBL1449159; CTK8E9795; MolPort-003-959-092; BCP16863; Tox21_500927; HY-18100A; and many others | 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl 1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate | Y | N | N | A sigma-1 receptor agonist derived structurally from PCP. It has cognitive enhancing effects as well as antidepressant effects, and shows promise in treating many nervous system diseases such as ALS and parkinsons. |
| 107 | PRL-8-53 | Prl-8-53; 51352-88-6; methyl 3-[2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]benzoate; methyl 3-{2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl}benzoate; AC1L22UU; AC1Q5Z4V; 9043AF; ZINC31982738; AJ-32456; 3-[2-[Benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]benzoic acid methyl ester | Methyl 3-[2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]benzoate | N | N | Y | A nootropic research chemical first synthesized in the 70s. One study shows a drastic improvement in mid-term memory among users, but otherwise it is severely lacking in information surrounding it. It has no recreational potential. |
| 108 | Prolintane | Prolintane; Prolintane; Phenylpyrrolidinopentane; Catovit; Katovit; Promotil; Villescon | 1-Phenyl-2-pyrrolidinylpentane | N | N | Y | 1-Phenyl-2-pyrrolidinylpentane (also known as Prolintane or Pyrrolidinopentiophenone, and by the trade names Catovit, Promotil, and Villescon) is a synthetic central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is structurally similar to the substituted pyrrolidine class of compounds such as MDPV and A-PVP albeit with notably attenuated effects. Prolintane was first synthesized in the 1950s, where it was found primarily to act as as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)[1] which is thought to confer it stimulant and potential nootropic qualities. |
| 109 | Propylphenidate | PPH | N/A | Y | Y | N | Propylphenidate is structurally related to isopropylphenidate from the piperidine and pyrrolidine category of new psychoactive substances. Propylphenidate and isopropylphenidate are also structurally related to methyl- and ethylphenidate, where the isopropyl or propyl is replaced with a methyl or ethyl group. Propylphenidate can be synthesised from methylphenidate. |
| 110 | PWZ-029 | CHEMBL45346; 6H-Imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one, 8-chloro-4,5-dihydro-3-(methoxymethyl)-5-methyl-; SCHEMBL6847260; BDBM50034820; 3-Methoxymethyl-5-methyl-8-chloro-4,5-dihydro-6H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one | 8-Chloro-3-(methoxymethyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-6H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one | N | N | Y | PWZ-029 is a benzodiazepine derivative drug with nootropic effects developed by WiSys,[1] It acts as a subtype-selective, mixed agonist-inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor, acting as a partial inverse agonist at the α5 subtype and a weak partial agonist at the α3 subtype. This gives it a mixed pharmacological profile, producing at low doses memory-enhancing effects but with no convulsant or anxiogenic effects or muscle weakness, although at higher doses it produces some sedative effects. |
| 111 | Quercetin | Trichocereus Bridgesii Cutting; Trichocereus Bridgesii Monstruosus Cutting | 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one | N | N | Y | Description Endemic to the high Andean region of La Paz, the Bolivian torch is a lesser known psychedelic cactus containing several alkaloids including the psychoactive alkaloid mescaline. Bioassay reports indicate that Trichocereus bridgesii is much more potent than the measured mescaline content suggests. Capable of producing a mind-expanding kaleidoscopic psychedelic experience, the effects of the Bolivian torch have been described as more clear-headed than the Peruvian torch. In Bolivia, the cactus is used as a hedge plant, serving a practical and decorative function. |
| 112 | Quetiapine | Xeroquel; 2-{2-[4-(Dibenzo[b;f][1;4]thiazepin-11-yl)-1-piperazinyl]ethoxy}ethanol; 11-[4-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]-1-piperazinyl]dibenzo[b;f][1;4]thiazepine; ICI 204;636 Ketipinor; quetiapine; quetiapinum; ZM 204;636; Seroquel | 2-[2-(4-benzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-6-ylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]ethanol | Y | N | N | Quetiapine is a dibenzothiazepine derivative. It is an atypical antipsychotic agent and medicinal products containing quetapine as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (as quetiapine fumarate or quetiapine hemifumarate) have been authorised in a number of Member States for the treatment of schizophrenia and for the prevention and treatment of bipolar disorder. |
| 113 | R-alpha-lipoic acid | Core Memory Nootropics | 5-[(3R)-dithiolan-3-yl]pentanoic acid | N | N | Y | BrainBullets Core are capsules specially designed for anyone who appreciates the importance of a healthy brain. Core optimises your memory and protects your brain. In this way you will give your upper deck the essential vitamins it needs every day to keep your focus and concentration at peak level. BrainBullets Core can be ordered in packs of 15 or 30. Take one capsule each day to maintain your cognitive performance in peak condition. |
| 114 | Razobazam | UNII-LZ84VWN0U4; Hoe 175; 78466-98-5; LZ84VWN0U4; 4,8-Dihydro-3,8-dimethyl-4-phenylpyrazolo(3,4-b)(1,4)diazepine-5,7(1H,6H)-dione; Pyrazolo(3,4-b)(1,4)diazepine-5,7(1H,6H)-dione, 4,8-dihydro-3,8-dimethyl-4-phenyl-; 5662; and many others. | C14H14N4O2 3,8-Dimethyl-4-phenyl-2,8-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-b][1,4]diazepine-5,7(4H,6H)-dione | N | N | Y | It is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Its mechanism of action appears to be quite different from that of most benzodiazepine drugs, and it produces nootropic effects in animal studies. |
| 115 | Rimonabant | SR-141716A; Acomplia; SR141,716; Zimulti | 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide | Y | Y | N | Rimonabant is the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the medicinal product Acomplia, which was suspended from the market in the European Union in November 2008 over concerns of serious psychiatric disorders (including depression, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and aggression) associated with its use. Acomplia was withdrawn from the market in January 2009. |
| 116 | RO-4491533 | 2H-1,5-Benzodiazepin-2-one, 4-[3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)phenyl]-1,3-dihydro-7-methyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)-; RO4491533; CHEMBL1629855; D09YEQ; GTPL6226; SCHEMBL5562484; BDBM50332963; LYTVXCQQTLUEQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N | 4-[3-(2,6-Dimethylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-7-methyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one | N | N | Y | It is a drug developed by Hoffmann-La Roche which acts as a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator for group II of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3), being equipotent at mGluR2 and mGluR3 but without activity at other mGluR subtypes. In animal studies, RO-4491533 produced antidepressant effects and reversed the effects of the mGluR2/3 agonist LY-379,268 with similar efficacy but slightly lower potency than the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY-341,495. |
| 117 | RO4938581 | 9H-Imidazo[1,5-a][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]benzodiazepine, 3-bromo-10-(difluoromethyl)-; CHEMBL1080588; 883093-10-5; RO 4938581; D0E7PY; 4-tert.Butylcalix[8]arene; GTPL4299; SCHEMBL2426998; EX-A856; AFJRYPJIKHMNGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N; BDBM50311045; and many others. | 3-Bromo-10-(difluoromethyl)-9H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]benzodiazepine | N | N | Y | Ro4938581 is a nootropic drug invented in 2009 by a team working for Hoffmann-La Roche, which acts as a subtype-selective inverse agonist at the α5 subtype of the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor. It has good selectivity for the α5 subtype and did not produce convulsant or anxiogenic effects in animal studies, making it a promising potential nootropic.[1][2][3] Ro4938581 and a related derivative basmisanil (RG-1662, RO5186582) have subsequently been investigated for the alleviation of cognitive dysfunction in Down syndrome |
| 118 | S-Adenosyl methionine | SAM-e, Methylguanidoacetic acid; S-Adenosyl methionine; SAM-e; Methylguanidoacetic acid | (2S)-2-Amino-4-(((2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl-methylsulfonio)butanoate | N | N | Y | S-adenosyl methionine is a molecule, found endogenously as a substrate synthesized by the sub-groups adenosine and methionine through an the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase. The adenosine subcomponent is comprised of an adedine nucleobase bonded to a ribose chain. This ribose chain is attached to the terminal carbon of the methionine group. Methionine is a butyl carboxylic acid substituted at R2 with an amino group and at R4 with a methylthio (carbon-sulphur) group. S-adenosyl methionine is an essential methyl donator in metabolic reactions. |
| 119 | Sakae naa | Combretum quadrangulare | 3-benzyl-1-hydroxy-2H-pyridine-4-carbaldehyde | N | N | Y | Sakae Naa (Combretum quadrangulare) is a small tree native to Southeast Asia, the leaves of which are reportedly used as a substitute for kratom in areas where kratom is banned. There is dispute about whether its effects are similar to the effects of kratom. |
| 120 | Selegiline | Deprenyl; Eldepryl; Emsam; L-deprenyl | (R)-N,a-dimethyl-N-2-propynylbenzeneethanamine | N | N | Y | Selegiline increases the actions of dopamine in the brain by inhibiting the enzymes that break it down. After being sold for years as an anti-aging supplement and a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, the FDA approved use of a Selegiline transdermal patch (Emsam) for treatment of depression in 2006. |
| 121 | SH-053-R-CH3-2′F | 4H-Imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid, 8-ethynyl-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-, ethyl ester, (4R)-; 872874-14-1; SCHEMBL7718347; NGYKELBMVXBFSM-CQSZACIVSA-N; ZINC35847341; KB-275294 | Ethyl 8-ethynyl-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate | N | N | Y | SH-053-R-CH3-2′F is a drug used in scientific research which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It produces some of the same effects as other benzodiazepines, but is much more subtype-selective than most other drugs of this class, having high selectivity, binding affinity and efficacy at the α5 subtype of the GABAA receptor. This gives much tighter control of the effects produced, and so while SH-053-R-CH3-2′F retains sedative and anxiolytic effects, it does not cause ataxia at moderate doses.[1] SH-053-R-CH3-2′F also blocks the nootropic effects of the α5-selective inverse agonist PWZ-029, so amnesia is also a likely side effect. |
| 122 | Sildenafil | Viagra; Aphrodil | 1-[[3-(6,7-dihydro-1-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-1H-pyrazolo [4,3-d]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-4-ethoxyphenyl]sulfonyl]-4- methylpiperazine citrate | N | N | Y | Sildenafil citrate is prescribed in the treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. It is commonly referred to as a “lifestyle drug”. Lifestyle drugs are prescribed for quality-of-life conditions such as baldness, impotence, obesity and smoking cessation. Sildenafil is a synthetic piperazine derivative. |
| 123 | St John’s wort | St John’s Wort; Sint Janskruid | N/A | N | N | Y | St. John’s wort, also known as “perforate” or “common” St. John’s wort, is a plant with yellow flowers, that some people, at first glance, may mistake for a common, roadside weed. It has been used for centuries as an herbal mood enhancer. Enjoy the rich flavour and effects of one of Mother Nature’s miracle plants. |
| 124 | Stablon | Tianeptine, Stablon, Coaxil, Tatinol; Tianeptine; Stablon; Coaxil; Tatinol;Tianeptine | (RS)-7-(3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-ylamino)heptanoic acid S,S-dioxide | Y | N | N | In terms of molecular structure and chemistry, tianeptine is a tricyclic antidepressant as its molecular structure is composed of three cyclic compounds. Despite tianeptine’s chemical similarity to other TCAs, its effects and mechanisms are fairly unique. |
| 125 | Sulbutiamine | sulbut; arcalion; enerion; bisibuthiamine; youvitan | 4-[(4-amino-2-methyl-pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl-formyl-amino]-3-[2-[(4-amino-2-methyl-pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl-formyl-amino]-5-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)pent-2-en-3-yl]disulfanyl-pent-3-enyl] 2-methylpropanoate | N | N | Y | A thiamine derivative nootropic and stimulant drug. Caution should be used as Sulbutiamine reduces dopamine output over time with consistant usage. |
| 126 | Tadalafil | Cialis; Adcirca; Tadacip | (6R,12aR)-6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyl-2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydropyrazino[1’,2’:1,6] pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,4-dione | N | N | Y | Tadalafil, a PDE5 inhibitor used to combat erectile disfunction. Dangerous in combination with other drugs which lower blood pressure. |
| 127 | Tannic acid | Guarana Powder [Paulinnia Cupana] | [2,3-dihydroxy-5-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5,6-tetrakis[[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxybenzoyl]oxy]oxan-2-yl]methoxycarbonyl]phenyl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | N | N | Y | Use Guarana to get more energy. People who like a boost can use this! It is now available in powder form. Dissolve it in hot water, tea, hot milk, coffee or in any another type of drink. Best is to first take one drink. Then you can experience the effect on your body. If the effect is pleasant, you can always try another drink. |
| 128 | Theanine | Theanine, L-Theanine, L-g-glutamylethylamide and N5-ethyl-L-glutamine; Theanine; L-Theanine; L-g-glutamylethylamide and N5-ethyl-L-glutamine | N-ethyl-L-glutamine; (2S)-2-ammonio-5-(ethylamino)-5-oxopentanoate | N | N | Y | Theanine, or N-ethyl-L-glutamine, is an amino acid analogue of L-glutamine. Its structure is comprised of a five carbon straight chain carboxylic acid called pentanoic acid, which is bonded to an amino group at R2, and an additional ketone group at R5. Also substituted at R5 of the pentanoic group is an ethylamino chain connected at its amino constituent. Theanine is understood to refer to the levorotary enantiomer, which is well documented, rather than the relatively unresearched dextrorotary enantiomer. |
| 129 | Tolibut | 28311-38-8; 4-amino-3-(4-methylphenyl)butanoic acid; 4-amino-3-(p-tolyl)butanoic acid; AC1L2LNB; Oprea1_567181; SCHEMBL18386267; 28311-37-7 (hydrochloride); and many others | 4-Amino-3-(4-methylphenyl)butanoic acid | N | N | Y | Analogue of GABA, and the 4-methyl analogue of Phenibut. Has similar effects, acts on GABA(B). |
| 130 | Tropicamide | N-Ethyl-alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-N-(4-pyridinylmethyl) benzeneacetamide; Visumidriatic; Mydriaticum; Mydriafair; Tropicacyl; Mydriacyl; Paremyd; Minims tropicamide; Mydrum; Bistropamide | (RS)-N-ethyl-3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)propenamide | Y | N | N | Medicinal products containing tropicamide are authorised in the European Union. It is an antimuscarinic used in medicinal products to dilate the pupils, specifically as a topical mydriatic and cycloplegic. |
| 131 | Tryptophan | 2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; Trp; W; TRP | (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid | N | N | Y | Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W)[2] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a non-polar aromatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin and vitamin B3.[3] It is encoded by the codon UGG. |
| 132 | Tyrosine | L-Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine; Tyrosine; L-Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine | L-Tyrosine | N | N | Y | Tyrosine is a non-essential phenylalanine-derived amino acid. Tyrosine’s structure is made a para-hydroxylated phenyl ring connected to a pentanoic acid group, which is a five member carbon chain with a carboxyl (C(=O)OH) group on the terminal carbon. This pentanoic acid chain is substituted at R2 with an amino group in levorotary orientation. |
| 133 | URB-597 | KDS-4103; Cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3’-carbamoyl-biphenyl-3-yl ester | [3-(3-Carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate | Y | N | N | URB-597 belongs to the carbamate chemical class. It is known to be an inhibitor of the enzyme FAAH (fatty-acid amide hydrolase) and this includes the metabolic hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid/anandamide/(a fatty-acid amide). It has been used extensively in neuropharmacological research into endocannabinoid system. It’s also known as KDS-4103. KDS-4103 is being developed by Kadmus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for clinical trials in humans. |
| 134 | Vardenafil | Valif 20 | 2-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonylphenyl]-5-methyl-7-propyl-3H-imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-one | N | N | Y | Besides Cialis (Tadalafil) we now offer Valif 20 (Vardenafil). Valif 20 improves erection and results in successful intercourse. Valif 20 is also known as Vardenafil. The effects of Valif 20 are noticeable 15 to 25 minutes after ingestion. In the absence of sexual arousal Valif 20 will not work optimally. So make sure you are in a horny environment |
| 135 | Vasopressin | ADH; Pressyn; Diapid | (2S)-2-[(4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl]butanamide | N | N | Y | Vasopressin is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus which increases water retention. asopressin is used to manage anti-diuretic hormone deficiency. It has off-label uses and is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular defibrillation. |
| 136 | Vinpocetine | Cavinton; ethyl apovincaminate | ethyl (15S,19S)-15-ethyl-1,11-diazapentacyclo[9.6.2.02,7.08,18.015,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,8(18),16-pentaene-17-carboxylate | N | N | Y | Vinpocetine is a derivative of vincamine from the periwinkle plant. It increases cerebral blood flow and is said to improve memory. |
| 137 | Vitamin A | (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol | N | N | Y | Vitamins are organic (carbon-containing) molecules that are necessary for the functioning of the human body. They have a wide range of effects and functions. | |
| 138 | Vitamin B12 | alpha-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamidcyanide | N | N | Y | See above | |
| 139 | Vitamin D | (1S,3Z)-3-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-7a-methyl-1-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexan-1-ol | N | N | Y | See above | |
| 140 | Withania somnifera | Ashwagandha, an Indian ginseng | (2R,6S,7R,9R,11S,15R,16S)-6-hydroxy-15-[(1S)-1-[(2R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyran-2-yl]ethyl]-2,16-dimethyl-8-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,7.07,9.012,16]octadec-4-en-3-one | N | N | Y | Is an Adaptogen. It is commonly used for its ability to prevent anxiety. It also is helpful in relieving insomnia. It’s name means “Smell of Horse” due to its smell and the traditional belief that ingesting the this herb will give you the strength and virility of a horse. |
| 141 | Yerba mate | South American holly; Beverage: yerba mate; Paraguay tea; Braziliain tea; jesuit tea; ka’a (Guarani) | N/A | N | N | Y | Ilex paraguariensis is a small S. American tree that’s leaves contain caffeine and other xanthines. The toasted leaves have a long history of use as a stimulant tea. Falsely rumored to contain a unique chemical mateine. |
| 142 | Yohimbine HCL | Yohimbe | methyl (1S,15R,18S,19R,20S)-18-hydroxy-1,3,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21-dodecahydroyohimban-19-carboxylate;hydrochloride | N | N | Y | Pausinystalia yohimbe is a West African tree thats bark contains yohimbine. It has a long history of human use as a stimulant and aphrodisiac. It is commonly sold as an herbal supplement to improve erectile function. |
The 35 CEs described as nootropic in NPSfinder® are in bold.