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. 2020 Sep 11;8:837. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00837

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Copyright © 2020 Chen, Hu, Hu, Huang, Shi, Wei and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration schemes of the set-ups for biomanufacturing monitoring. (A) Scheme of in-line vs. off-line analysis of bioreactors. (B) Scheme of the mechanism and interpretation of a typical electronic nose (E-nose) system made of optically responsive sensors. (C) Headspace VOC analysis of a growing cell culture in a bioreactor using ambient mass spectrometry. Reproduced with permission from Chingin et al. (2014). Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry 2014. (D) Illustration of electronic noses and pattern recognition.