Table 1.
List of techniques of mass spectrometry or electronic noses employed for off-gas monitoring of specific cell cultivation.
| Cell culture | Bioprocess monitored | Mass spectrometry | Volatiles detected | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MASS SPECTROMETRY | ||||
| Escherichia coli JM 109 | Accidental infection by comamonas testosteroni | Time-resolved SIFT-MS | Ethanol, acetaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia | Chippendale et al., 2011 |
| JEKO and SHI-1 cell lines | Tissue culture | SPME-GC–MS | Dimethyl sulfide, 2,4-dimethylheptane, methylbenzene, o-xylene, dodecane, 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene, ethanol, hexanal, and benzaldehyde | Tang et al., 2017 |
| Streptococcus thermophilus, and bulgaricus | Lactic acid fermentation of milk | PTR-TOF-MS | Acetaldehyde, 2-propanone, diacetyl, acetoin, etc. | Soukoulis et al., 2010 |
| A549 epithelial cell line, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Co-culture of lung epithelial cell line with Pseudomonas aeruginosa | thermal desorption-GC-MS | 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetone, ethylidene cyclopropane, ethanol, tert-butyl ethyl ether, methyl tert butyl ether, etc. | Lawal et al., 2018 |
| Lactobacillus fermentum IMDO130101 | Submerged fermentations | SIFT-MS | Ethanol | Van Kerrebroeck et al., 2015 |
| Lactobacillus pentosus | Milk fermentation | SPME-GC-MS | Twenty-four kinds of VOCs including acetaldehyde, acetone, etc. | Pan et al., 2014 |
| Nodulisporium TI-13 | Beet pulp fermentation | PTR-MS | Ethanol, methanol, acetaldehyde, terpenes, and terpenoids | Schoen et al., 2016 |
| Escherichia coli HMS174(DE3) | Escherichia coli cultivation | PTR-MS | Total VOCs | Luchner et al., 2012 |
| S. cerevisiae | Mead fermentation | PTR-MS | Total VOCs | Cuenca et al., 2016 |
| Eleven lactic acid bacteria including E. casselliflavus FMAC163, et al. | Caciocavallo Palermitano cheese fermentation | SPME-GC-MS | Alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, esters, aromatic, organic acid, hydrocarbons, etc. | Guarrasi et al., 2017 |
| Cell culture | Bioprocess monitored | E-nose type | Volatiles detected | References |
| E-NOSE | ||||
| Recombinant CHO | Early detection of bacterial infection | 10 MOSFET, 12 MOS | O2 | Bachinger et al., 2002 |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) | Non-volatile metabolites during fermentation | 18 MOS | Ethanol, acetic acid, and acetaldehyde | Liden et al., 2000; Calderon-Santoyo et al., 2010 |
| Recombinant Escherichia coli | Metabolic burden | 19 MOSFET, 10 MOS | Biomass and other non-specific gases | Bachinger et al., 2001 |
| CHO and Sf-9 insect cell culture | Microbial and viral contaminants | 10 MOSFET, 6 MOS | Acetic acid, ammonia, acetone, and ethanol | Kreij et al., 2005 |
| Morinda citrifolia and Nicotiana tabacum (plant cells) | Biomass and metabolite concentration | 19 MOS and a CO2 sensor | Biomass and other non-specific gases | Komaraiah et al., 2004 |
| Bacillus subtilis | Sporulation events | 10 MOSFET, 6 MOS | Volatiles from spores | Clemente et al., 2008 |
| Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi E1 | Lactic fermentation | 18 MOS | Ethanol | Calderon-Santoyo et al., 2013 |
| Recombinant CHO | Cellular state transitions | 10 MOSFET, 6 MOS | Biomass and other non-specific gases | Bachinger et al., 2000 |
| Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans | Maturation of air-lift bioreactors | 11 MOS | Alcohols, hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, etc. | Rosi et al., 2012 |
SIFT, selected ion flow tube; PTR, proton transfer reaction; SPME, solid-phase microextraction; MOSFET, metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor; MOS, metal oxide semiconductor.