Table 3.
Summary of annual data for an indoor vertical farm.
| Resources efficiency | Indoor vertical farms (10 layers—lettuce) | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Water use efficiency | 1 L/ kg lettuce/ year | Barbosa et al. (2015) |
| Water use | Usually hydroponics or aeroponics Approx. 11 L/head |
Coyle and Ellison (2017) |
| Energy use | 250 kWh/kg/year | Graamans et al. (2017) |
| CO2 emissions | 158 kg/ton of lettuce | Gerecsey (2018) |
| Light source | Artificial light that operate 10–24 h/day | |
| Pest control use | Indoor cultivation Sterilize environment |
|
| Yield | 80–120 kg/m2/year | Coyle and Ellison (2017) |
| Land use | 365 days/year | Coyle and Ellison (2017) |
| Land use efficiency | 0.3 m2 for 1 kg lettuce /day | |
| Harvests per year | 8–12 per year | Coyle and Ellison (2017) |
| Food miles | 43 km |