Nomenclature
g	gravitational acceleration, [m/s2]
q′″	heat source, [W/m3]
d	diameter of cylinder, [m]
A	surface area, [m2]
K	permeability of cylinder, [m2]
kf	thermal conductivity of fluid, [W/(m·°C)]
ke	effective thermal conductivity, [W/(m·°C)]
Rc	thermal conductivity ratio
h	heat transfer coefficient, [W/(m2·°C)]
x	dimensional horizontal coordinate, [m]
y	dimensional vertical coordinate, [m]
u	dimensional x-component velocity, [m/s]
v	dimensional y-component velocity, [m/s]
p	pressure, [Pa]
T*	temperature, [°C]
X	dimensionless horizontal coordinate
Y	dimensionless vertical coordinate
U	dimensionless x-component velocity
V	dimensionless y-component velocity
P	dimensionless pressure
T	dimensionless temperature
Lw	the wake length
Lp	the penetration depth
Re	Reynolds number
Pr	Prandtl number
Gr	Grashof number
Ri	Richardson number
Da	Darcy number
Nu	Nusselt number
Er	enhancement ratio
n	the dimensionless normal direction
Greek symbols
α	thermal diffusivity, [m2/s]
β	thermal expansion coefficient, [°C−1]
υ	fluid kinematic viscosity, [m2/s]
ε	fluid kinematic viscosity porosity
ρ	fluid density, [kg/m3]
δ	the thickness of the thermal boundary layer
$\varphi$	a binary constant
Subscripts
∞	free stream
ave	average