TABLE 2.

In vitro and in vivo effect of probiotics against gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases.

Disease	Study model	Probiotic strain	Therapeutic effect	References
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea	In vivo	L. plantarum DSM 9843 (LP299V)	No significant effect on the abdominal symptoms (pain, vomiting, flatulence, and distension)	Olek et al. (2017)
	In vivo	Yogurt combination of LGG, La-5 and Bb-12	Mild symptoms in the probiotic group	Fox et al. (2015)
	In vivo	L. acidophilus CL1285 and L. casei LBC80R	Decreased incidence of AAD	Gao et al. (2010)
Inflammatory bowel disease	In vivo	L. salivarius, L. acidophilus, and B. bifidum strain BGN4	Long time period intervention is more effective to alleviate IBD	Palumbo et al. (2016)
	In vivo	VSL#3	About 60% (61.8) of patients assumed all the prescribed probiotic therapy in a real-life setting, despite a good safety profile	Sivamaruthi (2018)
	In vivo	Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Enterococci, Streptococci, and Bacilli	Majority of trials reported preventive effects	Clarke et al. (2012)
H. pylori infection	In vitro	L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus	Significant decrease in infection	Chen et al. (2019)
	In vivo	L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus	Anti-inflammatory activity	Chen et al. (2019)
	In vivo	S. boulardii	Improved calories-tolerance and reduced diarrhea	Czerucka et al. (2007)
	In vivo	S. boulardii	Decreased severity and duration of infectious diarrhea in children	Nami et al. (2015)
	In vitro	S. cerevisiae IFST062013 isolated from fruit juice	Significant antibacterial effects against Gram-negative bacteria and improved lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in treated mice	Fakruddin et al. (2017)