TABLE 4.

In vitro and in vivo effects of probiotics against metabolic disorders.

Disease	Study model	Probiotic strain	Therapeutic effect	References
Obesity	In vivo humans	Bifidobacterium, GOS	Symbiotic impact on the intestinal barrier function	Krumbeck et al. (2018)
	In vivo humans	L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, B. bifidum, B. longum, E. faecium, FOS	Reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and oxidative stress levels	Ipar et al. (2015)
	In vivo humans	B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51&W52, L. acidophilus W37, L. brevis W63, L. casei W56, L. salivarius W24, L. lactis W19&W58	Decreased in homocysteine, TNF-α, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride levels	Majewska et al. (2020)
			Amelioration of total antioxidant status
	In vivo humans	B. breve CBT BR3, L. plantarum CBT LP3	Reduced obesity-related markers in the probiotic group efficacy related to gut microbial enterotype	Song et al. (2020)
			Best responses in Prevotella-dominant enterotype
	In vivo humans	L. acidophilus, B. lactis, B. longum, B. bifidum, GOS	No significant differences in body composition	Sergeev et al. (2020)
			Symbiotic increased the abundance of healthy gut bacteria
Hypercholesterolemia	In vivo rats	B. longum, B. lactis, and B. Breve, L. reuteri, L. plantarum	Decline in total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and in the elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased cholesterol-mediated proteins, including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase.	Kim et al. (2017)
	In vivo mice	L. casei pWQH01, L. plantarum AR113, L. casei LC2W	AR113 and pWQH01 induced a substantial reduction of total and LDL cholesterol, body weight, and atherogenic index	Wang et al. (2019)
	In vivo humans	B. longum BB536, red yeast rice (monacolin K, niacin, coenzyme Q10)	Improved atherogenic lipid profile	Ruscica et al. (2019)
Diabetes mellitus type-2	In vitro	L. acidophilus KLDS1.0901	Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, retarded insulin resistance and oxidative stress	Yan et al. (2020)
	In vitro	L. paracasei 1F-20, L. fermentum F40-4, B. animalis subsp. lactis F1-7	Increased secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY hormones, lowered TNF-α and IL-6 levels	Zhang et al. (2020)
	In vivo	S. boulardii	Controlled glycemic level, reduced inflammatory responses	Brandão et al. (2018)
	In vivo	L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, B. bifidum	Increased Bacteroidetes and declined Firmicutes populations	Bagarolli et al. (2017)