Table 2.

The pharmacological effects of SB

Pharmacological effects	Model	Mechanism	Drugs or components	Doses	Efficacy	Refs.
Anti inflammatory	LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells	Inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors	Flavonoids	10–100 μg/mL	MC = 10 μg/mL	[59]
	HCT 116 cells	Inducing apoptosis; Activating PPARγ to inhibit the activity of NF-κB	Baicalein	25–100 μM	IC50 = 50 μM	[60]
	AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer mices			1–10 mg/kg	MC = 1 mg/kg
	L6 cells	Inhibiting the expression of inflammation related proteins	Flavonoids	30––150 μg/mL	MC = 150 μg/mL	[61]
	AET II cells	Inhibiting the signal pathways of NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K-AT	70% ethanol extract	3.125–200 μg/mL	MC = 50 μg/mL	[62]
	ALI rats			2–8 mg/kg	MC = 4 mg/kg
	Human THP-1 cells	Inhibiting the production of TNF-α, IL-1β	Ploysaccharides	20–1280 μg/mL	IC50 = 40 μg/mL	[51]
	C57BL/6 mices			50–200 mg/kg	IC50 = 100 mg/kg
Antibacterial and antimicrobial	T. gondii in Hela cells	Inhibiting the propagation of T. gondii	Water extract	10 μg/mL	Inhibiting rates > 98%	[63]
	Piglets with diarrhea	Changing the composition of intestinal flora	Baicalin-Alumium complexes	272 mg/mL	Diarrhea rates less than 50%	[108]
	Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii	Inhibiting the propagation of A. baumannii	Water extract	7.8125–1000 μg/mL	MIC = 128 μg/mL MBC = 256 μg/mL	[64]
	P. Acnes in human monocytic Th-1 cells	Inhibiting the production of IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β	Wogonin	5–30 μM	IC50 = 4.9–8.7 μM	[65]
Antibacterial and antimicrobial	P. acnes	Inhibiting the production of IL-8 and IL-1β via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways	Wogonin Wogonoside	1.15 mg/g 8.71 mg/g	Inhibition rates > 90%	[66]
	P. aeruginosa	Decreasing the production of exotoxin A; Inhibiting inflammation	Baicalin	2–1024 μg/mL	MEC > 1024 μg/mL	[67]
	P. aeruginosa-induced peritoneal infection mouse			100 mg/kg	Bacterial counts decreased significantly
Antivirus	RSV infect HEp-2 cells	Decreasing inflammatory cell infiltration; Significantly reducing H1N1 activity	Baicalin	3–30 μM	IC50 = 19.9 ± 1.8 μM CC50 = 370 ± 10 μM	[68]
	RSV-induced lung injury mice			50–200 mg/kg	IC50 = 100 mg/kg
	IAV in MDCK cells	Inhibiting the leves of IL-6, TNF-α; Improving lung tissue abnormality	Flavonoids	2.5–40 μg/mL	Inhibiting rates > 65%	[69]
	IAV in mices			10 mg/mL
	Dengue virus in vero cells	Inhibiting the propagation of virus	Baicalein	0.5–750 μg/mL	IC50 = 56.02–77.41 μg/mL	[70]
	CVB3 in male BALB/c mices	Reducing the level of inflammatory factors; Increasing phosphoric acid eIF2 α in pancreas	Oroxylin A and wogonoside	50 mg/kg	Inhibiting rates > 50%	[71]
Antivirus	CHIKV in vero, BHK-21 and HEK-293T cells	Antivirus directly; Reducing the level of important protein markers of LC3 and Bax	Baicalin	3–100 μM	EC50 = 14 μM	[72]
Antioxidant	FeSO4-Cys-induced liver homogenate	Inhibiting further development of oxidation process; Producing cytoprotection	wogonin-7-O-β-d-ethylglucuronide and wogonoside	–	IC50 = 18.2 and 24.9 μM	[73]
	H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells
	H2O2-induced HaCaT cells	Decreasing comet tail formation; Inhibiting histone γH2AX phosphorylation	Ethanol extract	200–1000 μg/mL	IC50 = 600 μg/mL	[74]
	DPPH−, ABTS2+ scavenging activity	Inhibiting oxidation reaction	Polyphends	25–500 μg/mL	IC50 = 66.9 ± 0.3 μg/mL	[39]
	DPPH− scavenging activity	Inhibiting oxidation reaction; Preventing ROS from damaging cells; Accelerating wound healing	Baicalin/F 127 hydrogels	–	Wound healing rates more than 85% and cell activity more than 80%	[75]
	NIH3T3 cells
	Wound tissues
Cardiovascular effects	Cerebral ischemial reperfusion rats	Improving neuron loss or swelling; Enhancing memory; Reducing MDA level; Increasing Na+–K+–ATPase activity	Flavonoids	35–140 mg/kg	MC = 35 mg/kg	[76]
	H9c2 cardiomyoctes	Reducing LysoPC-induced cell desth and production of ROS	Baicalein	0.1–10 μM	IC50 = 0.69 μM	[77]
Cardiovascular effects	Age-matched male SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto rats	Improving the state of intestinal injury, Reducing intestinal permeability and the level of related inflammatory factors	Baicalin	100 mg/kg	The level of correlation factor is 2–5 times higher than that of model making	[78]
	Male SD rats, male WKY/Izm and SHRs rats	Activating the pathway of NO/cG; Paying the role of vascular relaxation	Sanhuangjiedu Decoction	1–100 μg/mL	EC50 = 16.2 ± 1.1 and 65.1 ± 5.5 μg/mL (baicalin and baicalein)	[79]
Hypoglycemic	α-Glucosidase	Inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase	70% Ethanol extract	–	Six flavonoids of α-glucosidase inhibitors were screened out	[83]
	Male SD rats	Regulating the composition of intestinal flora	Water extract	6.3 g/kg	The perturbation of metabolic spectrum in T2DM rats was significantly improved	[84]
	α-Glucosidase	Regulating peroxisome proliferator receoter actiated	Flavonoids	3.34 mg/kg	Inhibiting rates > 90%	[85]
Neuroprotection	γ irradiation-induced rats	Resuming the level of cell mRNA and the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NF-κB	Wogonin	30 mg/kg	No lesions of the polymerized astrocytes	[85]
	Spinal cord injury rats	Reducing peroxides toxicity in nerve cells	Water extract	20 mg/kg	The pathological changes of damaged neurons were improved obviously	[86]
Neuroprotection	LPS -induced BV-2 and HT22 cells	Inhibiting neuroinflammatory responses	Apigetrin	20–100 μM	MC = 25 μM	[87]
	Hippocampal neuroral cells	Decreasing the production of PEG2 and NO	Wogonin, baicalein, wogonoside and baicalin	10 mg/kg	Inhibiting rates are 78.6%, 91.0%, 81.0% and 41.0%	[88, 89]
	Primary rats cortical cells	Inhibition of neurocell death	Ethanol extract	1–100 μg/mL	IC50 = 35.1 μg/mL	[90]
	Primary rats cortical cells exposured to potassium cyanide	NMDA receptor mediated neuroprotection; Inhibiting lactic dehydrogenase, MDA etc.; Increasing the Na+–K+–ATPase activity	Flavonoids	18.98–75.92 μg/mL	Inhibiting rates are 25.24–46.69%	[91]
Antitumor	Mouse orthotopic tumor model and femal C57BL/6 mices	Decreasing the expression of cyclin B1 and D1; Inhibit the mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9	Baicalein	25–100 μM	MC = 100 μM (G1 phase)	[92]
	MCF-7	Inhibition of mitochondrial membrane potential; Downregulating Bcl-2	Methanol extract	100–500 μg/mL	MC = 100 μg/mL	[93]
	B-ALL cell lines	Inhibiting cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase	Baicalin	4–16 μg/mL	MC = 8 μg/mL	[96]
	AGS cells	Inhibition of mitochondrial membrane potential; Downregulating PARP	Flavonoids	50–400 μg/mL	IC50 = 100 μg/mL	[94]
Antitumor	Lewis lung cacinoma cells	Inhibiting the propagation of AGS cells and tumor growth	Extract freeze-dried powder	0.125–1 mg/mL	IC50 = 0.13 mg/mL	[95]
	Male C57BL/6 mices			300 mg/kg
	Female ICR mices	Inhibiting the expression of SHCBP1	Oroxylin A	10–40 mg/kg	MC = 10 mg/kg	[97]
	JB6P + cells			5–20 μM	MC = 5 μM
Liver protection	HCC cells	Inhibiting the metastasis of cancer cells	Flavonoids	50–400 μg/mL	MC = 100 μg/mL	[99]
	HCC cells	Downregulating the mRNA and proteins expression of CD24	Baicalein	50–100 μg/mL	MC = 50 μg/mL	[100]
	Alcohol-induced acute liver injury in mices	Inhibiting the propagation of liver cancer cells; Downregulating the GRP78 expression of endoplasmic reticulum marker	Methanol extract	40–160 mg/kg	MC = 40 mg/kg	[101]
	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cells	Downregulating the pathway of NLRP3-GSDMD to inhibit the liver cells death	Baicalin	1–64 μM	MC = 32 μM	[102]
Immunity	Far eastern catfish	Increasing viability by regulating growth and serum hormone levels	Water extract	0.25–5%	Viability more than 90%	[60]
	Srtreptococcus iniae induced periodontitis mices	Increasing the level of Th2-type IgG1	Water extract	50 mg/kg	After 4 weeks, the effect began to be obvious	[104]
Immunity	PAVECs	Anti H. parasuis; Inhibiting the phosphorylation of FPK, JNK, p38	Baicalin	12.5–100 μg/mL	MC = 12.5 μg/mL	[105]
Anti-aging	d-galactose induced aging rats	Regulatiing disorders of amino acid, choline and glucose metabolism	60% Ethanol extract	100–200 mg/kg	MC = 100 mg/kg	[106]
	d-galactose induced aging rats	Regulating the level of MDA, SOD, AGEs	60% Ethanol flower extract	0.4–0.8 g/kg	MC = 0.4 g/kg	[107]
	Bleomycin-induced senescence in BJ fibroblasts	Interrupting IκBζ/C/EBPβ pathway	5,7,2′-Trihydroxyflavone and scutevulin	2-4 mg/kg	Inhibitory rates > 90%	[108]
Anti-Osteoporosis	Primary bone narrow mononuclear cells	Inhibition of trabecular bone loss; Decreasing the level of CTX-1, TRAP-5b and IL-6	Tectochrysin	20–100 μmol/L	MC = 20 μmol/L	[109]
	Female C57BL/6 mices	Promoting the proliferation of bone cells and matrix calcification	Baicalein and wogonin	0.5–0.6 mg/L and 0.015–0.6 mg/L	The effect is equivalent to 0.1 mg/L simvastatin	[110]
Anti prostatic hyperplasia	Prostatic hyperplasia rats	Inhibiting prostate growth; Decreasing the level of serum testosterone and 5α-reductase	30% ethanol extract	100–200 mg/kg	MC = 100 mg/kg	[113]
Anti-alzheimer	MAO enzyme	Inhibiting MAO-A and MAO-B	Wogonin	–	IC50 = 6.35 and 20.8 μM (A and B)	[115]
Anti-melanin	The mouse melanoma cell line B16F10	Inhibiting the production of melanin and transport of intracellular melanosome	O-methylated flavones	7–70 μg/mL	MC = 35 μg/mL	[117]
Antipruritic	Male ICR and BALB/c mices	Inhibiting scratching behavior; Reducing vascular permeability	Baicalin, baicalein and oroxylin A	20–50 mg/kg	Oroxylin A has the strongest effect	[118]