$C_v$	Molar heat capacity, J/(mol∙K)
$E$	Internal energy, J
$f$	Rate of heated, W
$K$	Heat conductance, W/K${}^n$
$L$	Modified Lagrangian, W
$n$	Heat transfer power exponent
$p$	Pressure, Pa
$q$	Heat flow rate through the cylinder wall, W
$R$	Gas constant, J/(mol∙K)
$Sign(n)$	Sign function
$T$	Temperature, K
$t$	Time, s
$V$	Volume, ${\mathrm{m}}^3$
$W$	Work output, J
Greek symbols
$\eta$	Efficiency
$\lambda$	Lagrange multiplier
Subscripts
$ex$	External heat bath
$m$	Final state of expansion process
0	Ambient or reference