. 2020 Jul 27;22(8):822. doi: 10.3390/e22080822

Table 2.

Mean (SD) of team-handball throw and balance parameters according to the age and the expertise level of the team-handball players. Main effects and interaction effects (F, p-values, and effect size) are also presented.

		U12		U16		18+		Age Effect
Team-Handball Throw
MRE	Expert	0.349	(0.085)	0.391	(.061)	0.378	(0.107)^AB	F_2,1013 = 0.703	p = 0.497	ƞp2 = 0.013
	Recreational	0.405	(0.126)	0.368	(.077)	0.422	(0.089)^A
	Expertise Effect	F_1,113 = 1.896			p = 0.171	ƞp2 = 0.017		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 1.494	p = 0.229	ƞp2 = 0.027
Ball Speed	Expert	59.48	(6.09)	64.70	(6.91)	71.58	(7.27)	F_2,113 = 21.088	p < 0.001	ƞp2 = 0.281
	Recreational	44.71	(5.65)*	49.82	(6.69)*	51.23	(7.06)*
	Expertise level	F_1,113 = 170.775			p < 0.001	ƞp2 = 0.613		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 2.337	p = 0.101	ƞp2 = 0.041
Balance Task
BVE	Expert	0.021	(0.005)	0.019	(0.004)	0.016	(0.004)^A	F_2,113 = 5.769	p = 0.004	ƞp2 = 0.097
	Recreational	0.020	(0.007)	0.017	(0.004)	0.018	(0.005)
	Expertise Level	F_1,113 = 0.205			p = 0.652	ƞp2 = 0.002		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 2.235	p = 0.112	ƞp2 = 0.040
MVM	Expert	0.070	(0.027)	0.066	(0.015)	0.057	(0.019)	F_2,113 = 0.773	p = 0.464	ƞp2 = 0.014
	Recreational	0.056	(0.050)	0.057	(0.025)	0.053	(0.016)
		F_1,113 = 2.442			p = 0.121	ƞp2 = 0.022		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 0.220	p = 0.803	ƞp2 = 0.004
FE_D	Expertise Level	0.490	(0.164)	0.501	(0.102)	0.531	(0.166)	F_2,113 = 1.241	p =0.293	ƞp2 = 0.022
	Recreational	0.382	(0.268)	0.498	(0.205)	0.509	(0.149)
	Expertise Level	F_1,113 = 3.651			p = 0.059	ƞp2 = 0.033		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 0.754	p = 0.473	ƞp2 = 0.014
FE_V	Expert	1.567	(0.214)	1.591	(0.167)	1.627	(0.166)	F_2,113 = 10.525	p < 0.001	ƞp2 = 0.163
	Recreational	1.113	(0.575)*	1.633	(0.186)^A	1.608	(0.232)^A
	Expertise Level	F_1,113 = 5.860			p = .017	ƞp2 = .051		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 7.354	p = 0.001	ƞp2 = 0.120
DFA_D	Expert	1.035	(0.134)	0.969	(0.188)	1.001	(0.133)	F_2,113 = 2.798	p =0.065	ƞp2 = 0.049
	Recreational	1.146	(0.162)*	1.057	(0.203)	1.047	(0.126)
	Expertise Level	F_1,113 = 7.449			p = 0.007	ƞp2 = 0.065		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 0.484	p = 0.618	ƞp2 = 0.009
DFAv	Expert	0.851	(0.101)	0.851	(0.085)	0.815	(0.087)	F_2,113 = 2.665	p = 0.074	ƞp2 = 0.047
	Recreational	0.859	(0.075)	0.899	(0.090)	0.836	(0.107)
	Expertise Level	F_1,113 = 2.065			p = 0.154	ƞp2 = 0.019		Interaction
								F_2,113 = 0.392	p = 0.677	ƞp2 = 0.007

MRE: mean radial error (m); ball speed (km/h); BVE: bivariate variable error (m); MVM: mean velocity magnitude (m/s); COP: center of pressure; FED: fuzzy entropy of the displacement of COP (unitless); FEV: fuzzy entropy of the velocity of COP (unitless); DFAD: detrended fluctuation analysis of the displacement of COP (unitless); DFAV: detrended fluctuation analysis of the velocity of COP (unitless). * Differences with respect to the expert group. ^A Significant differences with respect to U12. ^B Significant differences with respect to U16.