Table 2.

Cord plasma RBP-4, leptin and adiponectin concentrations in the newborns of GD versus control (euglycemic) mothers stratified by infant sex

	Male newborns		Crude P value*	Adjusted P value*	Female newborns		Crude P value*	Adjusted P value*
	GD	Control			GD	Control
RBP-4 (µg/mL)	18.8±4.5	19.4±5.1	0.383	0.594	21.7±5.4	20.0±4.8	0.078	0.007
Leptin (ng/mL)	5.5±5.0	7.0±6.7	0.231	0.268	9.6±8.9	9.3±7.4	0.416	0.690
Adiponectin
HMW (µg/mL)	15.3±7.4	16.1±7.4	0.312	0.354	14.6±7.7	19.3±8.3	0.002	0.004
Total (µg/mL)	35.1±15.2	35.6±15.6	0.754	0.485	30.8±14.3	37.1±16.1	0.025	0.048
HMW/total	0.45±0.16	0.47±0.14	0.279	0.682	0.47±0.13	0.53±0.13	0.001	0.003

Data presented are mean±SD. There were 140 male newborns (of 70 GD and 70 euglycemic mothers) and 166 female newborns (of 83 GD and 83 euglycemic mothers) in the analyses.

P values in bold: p<0.017 (significant after accounting for multiple tests of the differences in the three primary outcomes (leptin, HMW adiponectin and RBP-4) between GD and control groups).

*Crude p values were from paired t-tests in log-transformed data. Adjusted p values were from generalized linear models in the comparisons of log-transformed biomarker data between the two groups adjusted for maternal (pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, family history of hypertension, gestational hypertension) and neonatal (cesarean section) characteristics; other factors were excluded since they were similar and did not affect the comparisons (p>0.2).

BMI, body mass index; GD, gestational diabetes; HMW, high molecular weight; RBP-4, retinol-binding protein 4.